her races, old and new, from the Albanian to
the Ottoman, are still there, each keeping its national being and its
national speech. And in one part of the ancient Dacia we must add
quite a distinct element, the element of Teutonic occupation in a form
unlike any in which we see it in the West, in the shape of the Saxons
of Transsilvania. We have thus worked out our point in detail. While
in each Western country some one of the various races which have
settled in it has, speaking roughly, assimilated the others, in the
lands which are left under the rule of the Turk, or which have been
lately delivered from his rule, all the races that have ever settled in
the country still abide side by side. So when we pass into the lands
which form the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, we find that that composite
dominion is just as much opposed as the dominion of the Turk is to
those ideas of nationality towards which Western Europe has been long
feeling its way. We have seen by the example of Switzerland that it is
possible to make an artificial nation out of fragments which have split
off from three several nations. But the Austro-Hungarian monarchy is
not a nation, not even an artificial nation of this kind. Its elements
are not bound together in the same way as the three elements of the
Swiss Confederation. It does indeed contain one whole nation in the
form of the Magyars; we might say that it contains two, if we reckon
the Czechs for a distinct nation. Of its other elements, we may for
the moment set aside those parts of Germany which are so strangely
united with the crowns of Hungary and Dalmatia. In those parts of the
monarchy which come within the more strictly Eastern lands--the _Roman_
and the _Rouman_--we may so distinguish the Romance-speaking
inhabitants of Dalmatia and the Romance-speaking inhabitants of
Transsilvania. The Slave of the north and of the south, the Magyar
conqueror, the Saxon immigrant, all abide as distinct races. That the
Ottoman is not to be added to our list in Hungary, while he is to be
added in lands farther south, is simply because he has been driven out
of Hungary, while he is allowed to abide in lands farther south. No
point is more important to insist on now than the fact that the Ottoman
once held the greater part of Hungary by exactly the same right, the
right of the strongest, as that by which he still holds Macedonia and
Epeiros. It is simply the result of a century of warfare, from
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