er a lapse of eight or ten years, and again
promptly prohibited. After another interval of years it was again
permitted.

[15] An unaristocratic form of Elena--Helen.

[16] The "Guests' Court," that is, the bazaar.

[17] His Russian name, "Grozny," means, rather, "menacing, threatening,"
than "terrible," the customary translation, being derived from "groza,"
a thunderstorm.

[18] Most Russians prefer to have the world "Slavyane" translated
Slavonians, rather than Slavs, as the latter is calculated to mislead.

[19] His "Family Chronicle" was the favorite book (during her girlhood)
of Marya Alexandrovna, the daughter of Alexander II., afterwards Duchess
of Edinburg, and now Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. I made acquaintance
with this fascinating work by reading aloud from her copy to a mutual
friend, a Russian.

[20] Literally, "Old-fashioned Landed Proprietors," who would, as a
matter of course, belong to the gentry, or "nobility," as the Russian
term is. This title is often translated, "Old-fashioned Farmers."

[21] This expression has become proverbial in Russia, and is used to
repress any one who becomes unduly excited.

CHAPTER IX

SEVENTH PERIOD: GONTCHAROFF. GRIGOROVITCH. TURGENEFF.

Under the direct influence of Byelinsky's criticism, and of the highly
artistic types created by Gogol, a new generation of Russian writers
sprang up, as has already been stated--the writers of the '40's:
Grigorovitch, Gontcharoff, Turgeneff, Ostrovsky, Nekrasoff, Dostoevsky,
Count L. N. Tolstoy, and many others. With several of these we can deal
but briefly, for while they stand high in the esteem of Russians, they
are not accessible in English translations.

Despite the numerous points which these writers of the '40's possessed
in common, and which bound them together in one "school," this community
of interests did not prevent each one of them having his own definite
individuality; his own conception of the world, ideals, character, and
creative processes; his own literary physiognomy, so to speak, which did
not in the least resemble the physiognomy of his fellow-writers, but
presented a complete opposition to them in some respects. Perhaps the
one who stands most conspicuously apart from the rest in this way is
Ivan Alexandrovitch Gontcharoff (1812-1890). He was the son of a wealthy
landed proprietor in the southeastern government of Simbirsk, pictures
of which district are reproduced in his most famous novel,