veloped to a monstrous
size; and the increased size of the pods in the foregoing cases may be
an analogous fact.

No case of the direct action of the pollen of one variety on another is
better authenticated or more remarkable than that of the common apple.
The fruit here consists of the lower part of the calyx and of the upper
part of the flower-peduncle[942] in a metamorphosed condition, so that
the effect of the foreign pollen has extended even beyond the limits of
the ovarium. Cases of apples thus affected were recorded by Bradley in
the early part of the last century; and other cases are given in old
volumes of the Philosophical Transactions;[943] in one of these a
Russeting apple and an adjoining kind mutually affected each other's
fruit; and in another case a smooth apple affected a rough-coated kind.
Another instance has been given[944] of two very different apple-trees
growing close to each other, which bore fruit resembling each other,
but only on the adjoining branches. It is, however, almost superfluous
to adduce these or other cases, after that of the St. Valery apple,
which, from the abortion of the stamens, does not produce pollen, but,
being annually fertilised by the girls of the neighbourhood with pollen
of many kinds, bears fruit, "differing from each other in size,
flavour, and colour, but resembling in character the hermaphrodite
kinds by which they have been fertilised."[945]

I have now shown, on the authority of several excellent observers, in the
case of plants belonging to widely different orders, that the pollen of one
species or variety, when applied to a distinct form, occasionally causes
the coats of the seeds and the ovarium or fruit, including even in one
instance the calyx and upper part of the peduncle of the mother-plant, to
become modified. Sometimes the whole of the ovarium or all the seeds are
thus affected; sometimes only a certain number of the seeds, as in the case
of the pea, or only a part of the ovarium, as with the striped orange,
mottled grapes and maize, are thus affected. It must not be supposed that
any direct or immediate effect invariably follows the use of foreign
pollen: this is far from being the case; nor is it known on what conditions
the result depends. Mr. Knight[946] expressly states that he has never seen
{402} the fruit thus affected, though he has crossed thousands of apple and