asion of
the Namaz of a Feast day or the Namaz at a funeral, the worshipper is late
and has no time to perform the wazu. On ordinary days this substitution of
tayammum for wazu is not allowable.

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The ceremony is performed as follows. The person says: "I make tayammum to
put away impurity;" then, "I seek refuge near God from cursed Satan. I
commence in the name of God, most Merciful and most High, whose praises are
in the religion of Islam." He then strikes the sand with open hands, rubs
his mouth and, at last, the arms to the elbows. Not one hair must be left
untouched or the whole ceremony is useless. The farz acts are to make the
intention of tayammum, to rub the mouth and the hands. "If ye are sick, or
on a journey, or if one of you come from the place of retirement, or if ye
have touched women, and ye find no water, then take clean sand and rub your
faces and your hands with it." (Sura v. 9.)

Minute regulations are laid down with regard to the water which may be used
for purification. The following kinds of water are lawful:--rain, sea,
river, fountain, well, snow and ice-water. Ice is not lawful. The first
kind is authorized by the Quran. "He sent you down water from heaven that
He might thereby cleanse you, and cause the pollution of Satan to pass from
you." (Sura viii. 11.) The use of the others is sanctioned by the
Traditions. I give one illustration. A man one day came to the Prophet and
said: "I am going on a voyage and shall only have a small supply of fresh
water; if I use it for ablutions I shall have none wherewith to quench my
thirst, may I use sea water?" The Prophet replied: "The water of the sea is
pure." Tirmizi states that this is a Hadis-i-Sahih. Great difference of
opinion exists with regard to what constitutes impurity in water, and so
renders it unfit for ablutions. It would be wearisome to the reader to
enter into all details, but I may briefly say that, amongst the orthodox,
it is generally held that if a dead body or any unclean thing falls into
flowing water, or into a reservoir more than 15 feet square it can be used,
provided always that the colour, smell and taste are not changed. It is for
this reason that the pool near a mosque is never less than ten cubits
square. If of {193} that size, it is called a _dah dar dah_, (literally 10
x 10). It may be, and commonly is, larger than this. It should be about one
foot deep.

The necessary ablutions having been made, the worshipper can