s, 218, 221;
his festival, 218-21;
on Christmas Eve, 229-32

_Noel_, origin of the name, 22;
the French carol, 55-65

Normandy, "star-singing" in, 151;
Innocents' Day in, 316;
Epiphany in, 349-50

Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, 213-4;
Dyzemas in, 315

Northumberland, holly in, 275

Norway, Christmas established in, 21;
"star-singing" in, 151;
pre-Christian Yule festival in, 172;
animal masks in, 202;
Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235-6;
Yule candles in, 259-60

Notker, 32

Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, 196;
Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, 285

Nuremberg, Epiphany at, 342

Nuts, customs with, 195-6, 207

"O's," Great, 92

Oak as a sacred tree, 254

Oberufer, Christmas play at, 143, 272

Ocana, F. de, 65-6

Oesel, "Yule Boar" in, 288

Old Hob, 199-200 |398|

Otfrid of Weissenburg, 42

Oxford, boars head at, 284

Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., 104

_Parcae_, 181

Paris, Christmas in, 98;
All Souls' Eve in, 191;
St. Catherine's Day in, 213;
Christmas-tree in, 267;
New Year in, 277;
Feast of Fools in, 302-3

Paschal, Francoise, 61-2

Pasquier, Etienne, 339

Pearson, Dr. Karl, 161-2

Pellegrin, Abbe, 63

Pelzmaerte, 206-8, 217

Perchta, 181, 241-4, 342

Perun, 254

Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, 213

Philocalian Calendar, 20

_Pifferari_, 112

Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, 218

Pliny, 273

Plough Monday, 300

Plum-pudding, 284-5

_Plygain_, 99

Poland, the "star" in, 152;
puppet-shows in, 153;
werewolves in, 246;
Christmas straw in, 276;
Christmas wafers in, 291

_Polaznik_, 231, 252, 323-4

Presents, at the Roman Kalends, 168-71, 276-7;
on All Souls' Eve, 192;
at Martinmas, 205-8;
on St. Nicholas's Day, 218-20;
at Christmas, 183, 230, 277-9;
at New Year and other seasons, 277-8;
at Epiphany, 343

_Presepio._ _See_ Crib

"Prophetae," 127

Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, 27, 70-8, 111, 138, 141, 185-6,
229-30

Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, 141, 154;
Christmas log in, 255;
Magi in, 344

Prudentius, 32

Puppet-plays, 153 f.

Purification, feast of the. _See_ Candlemas

Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, 77, 180, 184-5, 298

Pyramids, 266

Quainton, blossoming thorn at, 268

"Raging host," 240, 242

Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, 252