mes _pollen_ and _pollen boxes_ are given.

The fringe on the edges of the leaves of the corolla for the purpose of
preventing the insects stealing into the cave without receiving their
baptism of pollen, is discovered.

The teacher should, at this point, give a brief explanation of the
valuable work done by the insects in carrying pollen to cause seeds to
grow in the next flower that the insect visits. The position of the tiny
brush (stigma, but do not give this name) held up by the seed case for
rubbing the pollen off the insect, should also be observed.

~Summary.~--Name and point out the parts of the flower (calyx, corolla,
pollen boxes, seed cases).

What useful work do insects do for the flower?

What reward do they receive for their work?

What advertisements do the flowers put out for attracting themselves?
(Bright colours, sweet perfumes, and honey)

Flowers suitable for lessons in Form II are nasturtium, larkspur,
snap-dragon, morning-glory, and sweet-pea.

NOTE.--Botanical names should be reduced to a minimum.

SOIL STUDIES

(See _Soils_ by Fletcher.)

Soil should have a place in a Nature Study Course because:

1. It is so closely related to life.

2. It lends itself so admirably to the experimental method.

3. It is so liable to be overlooked and considered as common and
valueless.

KINDS OF SOIL

_Gravel_ is composed of small, rounded stones of various colours, sizes,
and shapes. Occurs in beds, generally mixed with sand. Get a sample and
examine the constituents. Lead the pupils to see that the pebbles are
the result of the breaking up of larger rocks. What has made the corners
smooth and rounded? What use is made of gravel? Have the pupils find
some gravelly land.

_Sand_ is composed of small angular pieces of hard rock. Have a few
samples from different places brought to school, note fineness and
colours, examine with a lens and note resemblance to pieces of broken
stone. Draw a magnet through the sand and note black particles adhering,
showing presence of iron in some form. Show the hardness by rubbing
against the surface of a piece of glass. Sand is used for mortar,
concrete, and glass. The chief sand-forming rocks are quartz and
granite. Show pupils how to recognize these. Examine a sample of sand
under a lens.

_Clay._ Note colour and odour of fresh sample. Dry and pulverize and
note extreme fineness of the particles by rubbing between the fingers
(an ounce of clay cont