water. Tobacco-water is
sometimes mixed with the soap solution as follows:

Four pounds of tobacco-waste is steeped in nine gallons of hot water for
five hours; this is then strained, and to the tobacco-water one pound of
whale-oil soap dissolved in one gallon of hot water is added and mixed
thoroughly.

Kerosene emulsion, which is made as follows, is very destructive to
plant-lice and scale insects:

Dissolve a quarter of a pound of common laundry soap in half a gallon of
rain-water and, while hot, mix with one gallon of coal-oil and churn
vigorously for five minutes to get a smooth, creamy mixture. On cooling,
it thickens and is diluted before using by adding nine quarts of warm
water to one quart of the emulsion. Use smaller quantities in correct
proportions when only a few plants are to be treated.

CABBAGE-WORM

The larvae of the cabbage-butterfly sometimes do a great deal of harm by
eating the cabbage leaves. It will not do to use paris-green on cabbage,
as the leaves are for eating. Instead, use pyrethrum or insect powder,
which may be diluted by mixing with cheap flour--one ounce of insect
powder to five of flour. Mix thoroughly and leave in a closed tin over
night. Dust the mixture on the leaves from a cheese-cloth bag by tapping
with a small stick or from a dusting-pan. If used while the dew is on
the leaves, it sticks better. Insect powder is not poisonous to man as
is paris-green, and so may be used freely on cabbage or other similar
plants.

PLANTS

ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, AND PERENNIALS

CLASS-ROOM LESSON

By means of questions based upon the pupils' knowledge of a few common
annuals, such as the oat, sweet-pea, and garden aster, develop the
following points:

1. These plants are always grown from seeds.

2. These plants produce flowers and ripe seeds during one season's
growth.

3. These plants wither and die in the autumn.

Plants having these characteristics are called _annuals_. The teacher
explains the meaning of the word and requires the pupils to name a few
other annuals.

In a similar way, discuss a few common types of _biennials_, such as
turnip, cabbage, hollyhock, and develop the following points:

1. These plants produce no flowers and seeds during the first year of
their life.

2. These plants, during the first year, lay up a store of food in roots,
leaves, or stems.

3. The food is used in the second year of the plant's life to nourish
the flowers and seeds.

A bienn