s openly at war.
Finally Jutland rose against him, renounced its allegiance and offered
the Danish crown to Duke Frederick of Holstein (January 20th, 1523). So
overwhelming did Christian's difficulties appear that he took ship to
seek help abroad, and on May 1st landed at Veere in Zealand. Eight years
later (October 24th, 1531) he attempted to recover his kingdoms, but a
tempest scattered his fleet off the Norwegian coast, and on the 1st of
July 1532, by the convention of Oslo, he surrendered to his rival, King
Frederick, and for the next 27 years was kept in solitary confinement,
first in the Blue Tower at Copenhagen and afterwards at the castle of
Kabendborg. He died in January 1559.

See K.P. Arnoldson, _Nordens enhet och Kristian II._ (Stockholm,
1899); Paul Frederik Barfod, _Danmarks Historie fra 1319 til 1536_
(Copenhagen, 1885); _Danmarks Riges Historie_, vol. 3 (Copenhagen,
1897-1905); Robert Nisbet Bain, _Scandinavia_, chap 2 (Cambridge,
1905). (R. N. B.)

CHRISTIAN III. (1503-1559), king of Denmark and Norway, was the son of
Frederick I. of Denmark and his first consort, Anne of Brandenburg. His
earliest teacher, Wolfgang von Utenhof, who came straight from
Wittenberg, and the Lutheran Holsteiner Johann Rantzau, who became his
tutor, were both able and zealous reformers. In 1521 Christian travelled
in Germany, and was present at the diet of Worms, where Luther's
behaviour profoundly impressed him. On his return he found that his
father had been elected king of Denmark in the place of Christian II.,
and the young prince's first public service was the reduction of
Copenhagen, which stood firm for the fugitive Christian II. He made no
secret of his Lutheran views, and his outspokenness brought him into
collision, not only with the Catholic _Rigsraad_, but also with his
cautious and temporizing father. At his own court at Schleswig he did
his best to introduce the Reformation, despite the opposition of the
bishops. Both as stadtholder of the Duchies in 1526, and as viceroy of
Norway in 1529, he displayed considerable administrative ability, though
here too his religious intolerance greatly provoked the Catholic party.
There was even some talk of passing him over in the succession to the
throne, in favour of his half-brother Hans, who had been brought up in
the old religion. On his father's death Christian was proclaimed king at
the local diet of Viborg, and took an active part in the "Grevens F