tors--Tales and Exempla.--Geoffrey of
Monmouth--Moralised tales--"Gesta Romanorum"--John of
Bromyard--"Risque" tales, fables in prose, miracles of the
Virgin, romantic tales--A Latin sketch of the "Merchant of
Venice"--John of Salisbury; Walter Map--Their pictures of
contemporary manners 181

V. Theologians, Jurists, Scientists, Historians.--The
"Doctors"; Scot, Bacon, Ockham, Bradwardine, &c.--Gaddesden
the physician--Bartholomew the encyclopaedist--Roman law and
English law--Vacarius, Glanville, Bracton, &c.
History--Composition of chronicles in monasteries--Impartiality
of chroniclers--Their idea of historical art--Henry of
Huntingdon, William of Malmesbury, Matthew Paris--Observation
of manners, preservation of characteristic anecdotes, attempt
to paint with colours--Higden, Walsingham and others 193

CHAPTER IV.

LITERATURE IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

I. Pious Literature.--A period of silence--First works
(pious ones) copied, translated or composed in English after the
Conquest--Sermons--Lives of saints--Treatises of various
sort--"Ancren Riwle"--Translation of French treatises--Life and
works of Rolle of Hampole 204

II. Worldly Literature.--Adaptation and imitation of
French writings--The "Brut" of Layamon--Translation of romances
of chivalry--Romances dedicated to heroes of English
origin--Satirical fabliaux--Renard in English--Lays and
tales--Songs--Comparison with French chansons 219

BOOK III.

_ENGLAND TO THE ENGLISH._

CHAPTER I.

THE NEW NATION.

I. Fusion of Races and Languages.--Abolition of the
presentment of Englishery, 1340--Survival of the French
language in the fourteenth century--The decline--Part played
by "lowe men" in the formation of the English language--The
new vocabulary--The new prosody--The new grammar--The
definitive language of England an outcome of a transaction
between the Anglo-Saxon and the French language 235

II. Political Formation.--The nation coalesces--The
ties with France and Rome are loosening or breaking--A new
source of power, Westminster--Formation, importance,
privileges of Parliament under the Plantagenets--Spirit of
the Commons--Their Norman bargains--Comparison with France 248

III. Maritime Power; Wealth and Arts.--Importance