e study of this subject, and his paper is a most valuable
contribution to the subject. In the preparation of this section we have
frequently quoted from it.

The practice of self-bleeding has its origin in other mutilations,
although the Aztecs shed human blood in the worship of the sun. The
Samoiedes have a custom of drinking the blood of warm animals. Those of
the Fijians who were cannibals drank the warm blood of their victims.
Among the Amaponda Kaffirs there are horrible accounts of kindred
savage customs. Spencer quotes:--"It is usual for the ruling chief on
his accession to be washed in the blood of a near relative, generally a
brother, who is put to death for the occasion." During a Samoan
marriage-ceremony the friends of the bride "took up stones and beat
themselves until their heads were bruised and bleeding." In Australia a
novitiate at the ceremony of manhood drank a mouthful of blood from the
veins of the warrior who was to be his sponsor.

At the death of their kings the Lacedemonians met in large numbers and
tore the flesh from their foreheads with pins and needles. It is said
that when Odin was near his death he ordered himself to be marked with
a spear; and Niort, one of his successors, followed the example of his
predecessor. Shakespeare speaks of "such as boast and show their
scars." In the olden times it was not uncommon for a noble soldier to
make public exhibition of his scars with the greatest pride; in fact,
on the battlefield they invited the reception of superficial
disfiguring injuries, and to-day some students of the learned
universities of Germany seem prouder of the possession of scars
received in a duel of honor than in awards for scholastic attainments.

Lichtenstein tells of priests among the Bechuanas who made long cuts
from the thigh to the knee of each warrior who slew an enemy in battle.
Among some tribes of the Kaffirs a kindred custom was practiced; and
among the Damaras, for every wild animal a young man destroyed his
father made four incisions on the front of his son's body. Speaking of
certain Congo people, Tuckey says that they scar themselves principally
with the idea of rendering themselves agreeable to the women of their
tribe. Among the Itzaex Indians of Yucatan, a race with particularly
handsome features, some are marked with scarred lines, inflicted as
signs of courage.

Cosmetic Mutilations.--In modern times there have been individuals
expert in removing facial defor