in _Globus_, with map, vol. lxxvi. (1899); Knipovich,
"Hydrobiologische Untersuchungert des Kaspischen Meeres," in
_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, vol. l. (1904); and Spindler, in _Izvestia
of Russ. Geog. Soc._ vol. xxxiv. (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] By the triangulation of 1840 its level was found to be 84 ft.
below the level of the Black Sea. The Caucasus triangulation of
1860-1870 gave 89 ft.

CASS, LEWIS (1782-1866), American general and statesman, was born at
Exeter, New Hampshire, on the 9th of October 1782. He was educated at
Phillips Exeter Academy, joined his father at Marietta, Ohio, about
1799, studied law there in the office of Return Jonathan Meigs
(1765-1825), and was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty. Four
years later he became a member of the Ohio legislature. During the War
of 1812 he served under General William Hull, whose surrender at Detroit
he strongly condemned, and under General W.H. Harrison, and rose from
the rank of colonel of volunteers to be major-general of Ohio militia
and finally to be a brigadier-general in the regular United States army.
In 1813 he was appointed governor of the territory of Michigan, the area
of which was much larger than that of the present state. This position
gave him the chief control of Indian affairs for the territory, which
was then occupied almost entirely by natives, there being only 6000
white settlers. During the eighteen years in which he held this post he
rendered valuable services to the territory and to the nation; he
extinguished the Indian title to large tracts of land, instituted
surveys, constructed roads, and explored the lakes and sources of the
Mississippi river. His relations with the British authorities in Canada
after the War of 1812 were at times very trying, as these officials
persisted in searching American vessels on the Great Lakes and in
arousing the hostility of the Indians of the territory against the
American government. To those experiences was largely due the antipathy
for Great Britain manifested by him in his later career. Upon the
reorganization of President Jackson's cabinet in 1831 he became
secretary of war, and held this office until 1836. It fell to him,
therefore, to direct the conduct of the Black Hawk and Seminole wars. He
sided with the president in his nullification controversy with South
Carolina and in his removal of the Indians from Georgia, but not in his
withdrawal of the go