mysteries of the anatomy, or enlivens the subject with an
incursion into physiology, embryology, or comparative morphology of the
parts under observation. Thus by the close of the session the student
has something far more than a mere first-hand knowledge of the anatomy
of the crawfish--though that in itself were much. He has an insight
also into a half-dozen allied subjects. He has learned to look on the
crawfish as a link in a living chain--a creature with physiological,
psychological, ontological affinities that give it a human interest not
hitherto suspected by the novitiate. And when the entire series of
Sunday-morning "services" has been carried through, one order after
another of the animal kingdom being similarly made tribute, the favored
student has gone far towards the goal of a truly philosophical zoology,
as different from the old-time dry-bones anatomy as the living crawfish
is different from the dead shell which it casts off in its annual
moulting time.

THE NEW ZOOLOGY

What, then, is the essence of this "philosophical zoology" of which
Haeckel is the greatest living exponent and teacher and of which his
pupils are among the most active promoters? In other words, what is the
real status, and the import and meaning, the _raison d'etre_, if you
will, of the science of zoology to-day?

To clear the ground for an answer to that question, one must glance
backward, say half a century, and note the status of the zoology of that
day, that one may see how utterly the point of view has changed since
then; what a different thing zoology has become in our generation from
what it was, for example, when young Haeckel was a student at Jena back
in the fifties. At that time the science of zoology was a conglomeration
of facts and observations about living things, grouped about a set of
specious and sadly mistaken principles. It was held, following Cuvier,
that the beings of the animal kingdom had been created in accordance
with five preconceived types: the vertebrate, with a spinal column;
the articulate, with jointed body and members, as represented by the
familiar crustaceans and insects; the mollusk, of which the oyster and
the snail are familiar examples; the radiate, with its axially
disposed members, as seen in the starfish; and the low, almost formless
protozoon, most of whose representatives are of microscopic size. Each
of these so-called classes was supposed to stand utterly isolated from
the others, as th