can
prevails at Caledonian games. In this the object is distance alone, the
same caber being used by all contestants and the toss being measured from
the tosser's foot to the spot where the small end strikes the ground. This
style is repudiated in Scotland. Donald Dinnie, born in 1837 and still a
champion in 1890, was the best tosser of modern times.

See W.M. Smith, _Athletics and Athletic Sports in Scotland_ (Edinburgh,
1891).

CABET, ETIENNE (1788-1856), French communist, was born at Dijon in 1788,
the son of a cooper. He chose the profession of advocate, without
succeeding in it, but ere long became notable as the persevering apostle of
republicanism and communism. He assisted in a secondary way in the
revolution of 1830, and obtained the appointment of _procureur-general_ in
Corsica under the government of Louis Philippe; but was dismissed for his
attack upon the conservatism of the government, in his _Histoire de la
revolution de 1830_. Elected, notwithstanding, to the chamber of deputies,
he was prosecuted for his bitter criticism of the government, and obliged
to go into exile in England in 1834, where he became an ardent disciple of
Robert Owen. On the amnesty of 1839 he returned to France, and attracted
some notice by the publication of a badly written and fiercely democratic
history of the Revolution of 1789 (4 vols., 1840), and of a social romance,
_Voyage en Icarie_, in which he set forth his peculiar views. These works
met with some success among the radical working-men of Paris. Like Owen, he
sought to realize his ideas in practice, and, pressed as well by his
friends, he made arrangements for an experiment in communism on American
soil. By negotiations in England favoured by Owen, he purchased a
considerable tract of land on the Red river, Texas, and drew up an
elaborate scheme for the intending colony, community of property being the
distinctive principle of the society. Accordingly in 1848 an expedition of
1500 "Icarians" sailed to America; but unexpected difficulties arose and
the complaints of the disenchanted settlers soon reached Europe. Cabet, who
had remained in France, had more than one judicial investigation to undergo
in consequence, but was honourably acquitted. In 1849 he went out in person
to America, but on his arrival, finding that the Mormons had been expelled
from their city Nauvoo (_q.v._), in Illinois, he transferred his settlement
thither. There, with the exception of a journey to Fr