rities._--For the Moslem conquest, A. J. Butler, _The
Arab Conquest of Egypt_ (Oxford, 1902); for the period before the
Fatimites, Wustenfeld, "Die Statthalter von Agypten," in _Abhandlungen
der koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen_, vols.
xx. and xxi.; for the Fatimite period, Wustenfeld, "Geschichte der
Fatimiden-Chalifen," ibid. vols. xxvi. and xxvii.; for the Ayyubite
period, Ibn Khallikan's _Biographical Dictionary_, translated by M'G.
de Slane (London, 1842-1871); for the Mameluke period, Weil,
_Geschichte der Chalifen_, vols. iv. and v. (also called _Geschichte
des Abbasidenchalifats in Agypten_), (Stuttgart, 1860-1862); Sir W.
Muir, _The Mameluke or Slave Dynasty of Egypt_ (London, 1896); for the
Turkish period, G. Zaidan, _History of Modern Egypt_ (Arabic), vol.
ii. (Cairo, 1889). See also Maqrizi, _Description topographique et
historique de l'Egypte_, translated by Bouriant (Paris, 1895, &c.); C.
H. Becker, _Beitrage zur Geschichte Agyptens_ (Strassburg, 1902).
(D. S. M.*)

Battle of the Nile.

(9) _From the French Occupation to the Rise of Mehemet Ali._--The
ostensible object of the French expedition to Egypt was to reinstate the
authority of the Sublime Porte, and suppress the Mamelukes; and in the
proclamation printed with the Arabic types brought from the Propaganda
press, and issued shortly after the taking of Alexandria, Bonaparte
declared that he reverenced the prophet Mahomet and the Koran far more
than the Mamelukes reverenced either, and argued that all men were equal
except so far as they were distinguished by their intellectual and moral
excellences, of neither of which the Mamelukes had any great share. In
future all posts in Egypt were to be open to all classes of the
inhabitants; the conduct of affairs was to be committed to the men of
talent, virtue, and learning; and in proof of the statement that the
French were sincere Moslems the overthrow of the papal authority in Rome
was alleged. That there might be no doubt of the friendly feeling of the
French to the Porte, villages and towns which capitulated to the
invaders were required to hoist the flags of both the Porte and the
French republic, and in the thanksgiving prescribed to the Egyptians for
their deliverance from the Mamelukes, prayer was to be offered for both
the sultan and the French army. It does not appear that the proclamation
convinced many of the Egyptians of the truth o