no
quarter was given. Four hundred and seventy Mamelukes entered the
citadel; and of these very few, if any, escaped. One of these is said to
have been a bey. According to some, he leapt his horse from the
ramparts, and alighted uninjured, though the horse was killed by the
fall; others say that he was prevented from joining his comrades, and
discovered the treachery while waiting without the gate. He fled and
made his way to Syria. This massacre was the signal for an
indiscriminate slaughter of the Mamelukes throughout Egypt, orders to
this effect being transmitted to every governor; and in Cairo itself the
houses of the beys were given over to the soldiery. During the two
following days the pasha and his son Tusun rode about the streets and
tried to stop the atrocities; but order was not restored until 500
houses had been completely pillaged. The heads of the beys were sent to
Constantinople.

A remnant of the Mamelukes fled to Nubia, and a tranquillity was
restored to Egypt to which it had long been unaccustomed. In the year
following the massacre the unfortunate exiles were attacked by Ibrahim
Pasha, the eldest son of Mehemet Ali, in the fortified town of Ibrim, in
Nubia. Here the want of provisions forced them to evacuate the place; a
few who surrendered were beheaded, and the rest went farther south and
built the town of New Dongola (correctly Dunkulah), where the venerable
Ibrahim Bey died in 1816, at the age of eighty. As their numbers
thinned, they endeavoured to maintain their little power by training
some hundreds of blacks; but again, on the approach of Ismail, another
son of the pasha of Egypt, sent with an army in 1820 to subdue Nubia and
Sennar, some returned to Egypt and settled in Cairo, while the rest,
amounting to about 100 persons, fled in dispersed parties to the
countries adjacent to Sennar.

See A. A Paton, _History of the Egyptian Revolution_ (2 vols., 2nd
ed., enlarged 1870); and FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS.
(E. S. P.; S. L.-P.; D. S. M.*)

3. _Modern History._

Wars in Arabia.

(1) _Rule of Mehemet Ali._--Mehemet Ali was now undisputed master of
Egypt, and his efforts henceforth were directed primarily to the
maintenance of his practical independence. The suzerainty of the sultan
he acknowledged, and at the reiterated commands of the Porte he
despatched in 1811 an army of 8000 men, including 2000 horse, under the
command of his son Tusun, a youth of sixteen, against the Wahh