can now be given to its endowment, and the State invites
everybody, the communes as well as private persons, to the undertaking.
It is on their liberality that it relies for replacing the ancient
foundations; it solicits gifts and legacies in favor of new
establishments, and it promises "to surround these donations with the
most invariable respect."[31128] Meanwhile, and as a precautionary
measure, it assigns to each its eventual duty;[31129] if the commune
establishes a primary school for itself, it must provide the tutor with
a lodging and the parents must compensate him; if the commune founds a
college or accepts a lycee, it must pay for the annual support of the
building,[31130] while the pupils, either day-scholars or boarders, pay
accordingly. In this way, the heavy expenses are already met, and the
State, the general-manager of the service, furnishes simply a very small
quota; and this quota, mediocre as a rule, is found almost null in fact,
for its main largess consists in 6400 scholarships which it establishes
and engages to support; but it confers only about 3000 of them,[31131]
and it distributes nearly all of these among the children of its
military or civilian employees This way a son's scholarship becomes
additional pay or an increased salary for the father; thus, the 2
millions which the State seems, under this head, to assign to the lycees
are actually gratifications which it distributes among its functionaries
and officials: it takes back with one hand what it be-stows with the
other.--Having put this in place, it establishes the University. It is
not at its own expense, however, but at the expense of others, at the
expense of private persons and parents, of the communes, and above all
at the expense of rival schools and private boarding-schools, of the
free institutions, and all this in favor of the University monopoly
which subjects these to special taxation as ingenious as it is
multifarious.[31132] A private individual obtaining diploma to open on
a boarding school must pay from 200 to 300 francs to the University;
likewise, every person obtaining a diploma to open an institution shall
pay from 400 to 600 francs to the University; likewise every person
obtaining permission to lecture on law or medicine.[31133] Every
student, boarder, half-boarder or day-scholar in any school,
institution, seminary, college or lycee, must pay to the University
one-twentieth of the sum which the establishment to which