_#_Railroads: 147,400 km total; 53,900 km electrified; does not
include industrial lines (1989)

_#_Highways: 1,757,000 km total; 1,310,600 km hard-surfaced (asphalt,
concrete, stone block, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone);
446,400 km earth (1989)

_#_Inland waterways: 123,700 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian
Sea (1989)

_#_Pipelines: 82,000 km crude oil and refined products; 206,500 km
natural gas (1987)

_#_Ports: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Riga, Tallinn,
Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa,
Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka;
inland ports are Astrakhan', Baku, Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan',
Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Kiev

_#_Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
15,243,228 GRT/20,874,488 DWT; includes 52 passenger, 898 cargo,
52 container, 11 barge carrier, 4 roll-on/float off cargo, 5 railcar
carrier, 114 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 230 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
(POL) tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 17 combination ore/oil, 4 specialized
liquid carrier, 13 chemical tanker, 160 bulk; note--594 merchant ships
are based in Black Sea, 366 in Baltic Sea, 398 in Soviet Far East, and
207 in Barents Sea and White Sea; the Soviet Union has been transferring
merchant ships to a variety of flags of convenience; at the beginning
of 1991 the USSR had 64 ships under foreign flags (Cyprus 52, Malta 7,
Panama 2, Vanuatu 2, and Honduras 1)

_#_Civil air: 4,000 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 7,192 total, 4,607 usable; 1,163 with permanent-surface
runways; 33 with runways over 3,659 m; 491 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
661 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 37 million telephone subscribers; phone
density of 37 per 100 households; urban phone density is 9.2 phones
per 100 residents; rural phone density is 2.9 per 100 residents (June
1990);
automatic telephone dialing with 70 countries and between 25 Soviet
cities (April 1989);
stations--457 AM, 131 FM, over 900 TV; 90 million TVs (December 1990)

_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces,
Strategic Rocket Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 70,058,651; 55,931,817 fit for
military service; 2,265,935 reach military age (18) annually
(down somewhat from 2,500,000 a decade ago); approximately 35-40% r