h night navigational aids 60,400 km; man-made
navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January 1994)

Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km;
natural gas 140,000 km (30 June 1993)

Ports: Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk,
Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse,
Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg

Merchant marine:
total: 745 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,730,178
GRT/9,385,565 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 25, cargo 406, chemical tanker
6, combination bulk 21, combination ore/oil 17, container 31,
multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 134, passenger 4,
passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 54,
short-sea passenger 16, specialized tanker 2
note: Russia owns an additional 163 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 2,276,829 DWT operating under the registries of Malta,
Cyprus, Liberia, Panama, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Honduras,
The Bahamas, and Vanuatu (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 2,517
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 54
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 202
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 108
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 115
with paved runways under 914 m: 151
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 25
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 45
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 134
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 291
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 1,392 (1994 est.)

Communications
--------------

Telephones: 25.4 million (1993 est.)

Telephone system: total pay phones for long distant calls 34,100;
enlisting foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to speed up the
modernization of its telecommunications system; in 1992, only
661,000 new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991,
and in 1992 the number of unsatisfied applications for telephones
reached 11,000,000; expanded access to international electronic mail
service available via Sprint network; the inadequacy of Russian
telecommunications is a severe handicap to the economy, especially
with respect to international connections
domestic: NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational
and growing in Moscow and St. Petersburg; intercity fiber-optic
cable installation remains limited
international: international traffic is inadequately han