lding; road and rail transportation
equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate: -3% (1995 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 213,100,000 kW
production: 876 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 5,800 kWh (1994)

Agriculture: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables,
fruits (because of its northern location does not grow citrus,
cotton, tea, and other warm climate products); meat, milk

Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy;
mostly for domestic consumption; government has active eradication
program; used as transshipment point for Asian and Latin American
illicit drugs to Western Europe and Latin America

Exports: $77.8 billion (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and
wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

Imports: $57.9 billion (c.i.f., 1995)
commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines,
meat, grain, sugar, semifinished metal products
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

External debt: $130 billion (yearend 1995)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $2.8 billion (1993)
note: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-95), $14 billion
(1990-95); other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1990-95), $125 billion

Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 4,640 (29 December 1995), 3,550
(29 December 1994), 1,247 (27 December 1993)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation
--------------

Railways:
total: 154,000 km; note - 87,000 km in common carrier service
(38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km serve specific industries and are
not available for common carrier use
broad gauge: 154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994)

Highways:
total: 934,000 km (including 445,000 km which serve specific
industries or farms and are not available for common carrier use)
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1994 est.)

Waterways: total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km;
routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900
km; routes wit