t branches in a better,--witness the
_multiplicities of the Scots in Polonia_.

"To which it was answered, That if they had not means, place, custom,
and employment (not like beasts, but men), they would starve in a
plentiful soil, though they came into it. And what springtide and
confluence of that nation have housed and familied themselves among us,
these four years of the king's reign? And they will never live so
meanly here as they do in Polonia; for they had rather discover their
poverty abroad than at home."

This last "answerer" was Lord Bacon. In his speech "Of general
Naturalisation" (_Works_, vol. v. p. 52.), he asserts that the
"multiplication of Scots in Polonia" must of necessity be imputed

"To some special accident of time and place that draws them thither;
for you see plainly before your eyes, that in Germany, which is much
nearer, and in France, where they are invited with privileges, and with
this very privilege of naturalisation, yet no such number can be found;
so as it cannot either be nearness of place, or privilege of person,
that is the cause."

What these "special accidents" were, it would be interesting to ascertain.
Large bodies of men were levied in Scotland during the latter half of the
sixteenth century, for the service of Sweden, and employed in the Polish
wars. Can these have turned merchants, or induced others to follow them? In
1573, Charles de Mornay brought 5000 Scots to Sweden. In 1576, whilst they
were serving in Livonia, a quarrel broke out between them and a body of
Germans also in the Swedish pay, and 1500 Scots were cut down. (_Geiger_,
ch. xii.)

I believe MR. CUNNINGHAM will find some notices of Scottish merchants in
Poland in Lithgow's _Travels_, which I have not at present by me.

RICHARD JOHN KING.

* * * * *

MR. JUSTICE NEWTON.

(Vol. vii., p. 528.)

Sir Richard Newton was Chief Justice of the Common Pleas from 1438 to 1444,
and died Dec. 13th, 1444, and was buried in a chapel of Bristol Cathedral.
(Collins's _Baronage_, vol. iii. p. 145.) He assumed the name of Newton,
instead of Caradoc, from Newton in Powysland. (Collinson's _Somersetshire_,
East Harptrie); and, as Camden, p. 60., says, the Newtons "freely own
themselves to be of Welsh extraction, and not long ago to have been called
Caradocks." These Caradocs were descended from the ancient kings of Wales.
Sir Richard