n of 1848 he devoted himself entirely to
literature. He wrote many historical and literary studies, and
translated the works of Schiller into French. His _Vie politique de
Royer-Collard_ has several times been reprinted.

{249a} Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper (1798-1881), was a distinguished
French publicist, born at Rouen. He was parliamentary deputy for
Sancerre in 1831 and took part in most of the political struggles of the
following twenty years. He was exiled from France at the time of the
_Coup d'Etat_, but returned during the reign of Napoleon III. Henceforth
he devoted himself exclusively to historical studies. His _Histoire du
gouvernement parlementaire en France_, published in 1870, secured his
election to the French Academy.

{249b} Madison, James (1751-1836). The fourth President of the United
States; born at Port Conway, Virginia. Acted with Jay and Hamilton in
the Convention which framed the Constitution and wrote with them _The
Federalist_. He had two terms of office--between 1809 and 1817--as
President. He died at Montpelier, Virginia. His _Debates of the
Congress of Confederation_ was published in Elliot's "Debates on the
State Conventions," 4 vols., Philadelphia, 1861.

{249c} Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804). A great American statesman, who
served in Washington's army, and after the war became eminent as a lawyer
in New York. He wrote fifty-one out of the eighty-five essays of _The
Federalist_. He was appointed Secretary of the Treasury to the United
States in 1789. He was mortally wounded in a duel by Aaron Burr in 1804.
His influence upon the American Constitution gives him a great place in
the annals of the Republic.

{249d} Calhoun, John Campbell (1782-1850). An American statesman; born
in Abbeville County, South Carolina and studied at Yale. As a Member of
Congress he supported the war with Great Britain in 1812-15. He was
twice Vice-President of the United States. He died at Washington. A
_Disquisition on Government_ and a _Discourse on the Constitution and
Government of the United States_ were written in the last months of his
life. His _Collected Works_ appeared in 1853-4.

{250a} Dumont, Pierre Etienne Louis (1759-1829). A great publicist;
born in Geneva, and principally known in England by his association with
Bentham, to whom he acted as an editor and interpreter. Lived much in
Paris, St. Petersburg, and, above all, in London, where he knew Fox,
Sheridan, and