m. wide (1-3 dm. high;
flowers of various colors) =Pansy, Viola tricolor.=

18b. Upper leaves entire or nearly so; flowers about 1 cm. wide
(1-2 dm. high; flowers bluish-white)
=Wild Pansy, Viola rafinesquii.=

19a. Petals yellow (1-4 dm. high) (Yellow Violet) --20.

19b. Petals violet, blue, or white --21.

20a. Foliage villous-pubescent =Yellow Violet, Viola pubescens.=

20b. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous
=Yellow Violet, Viola scabriuscula.=

21a. Stipules entire (2-4 dm. high) =Canada Violet, Viola canadensis.=

21b. Stipules toothed --22.

22a. Lateral petals not bearded (1-2 dm. high)
=Long-spurred Violet, Viola rostrata.=

22b. Lateral petals bearded --23.

23a. Flowers white or nearly white (1-3 dm. high)
=Pale Violet, Viola striata.=

23b. Flowers blue (about 1 dm. high) --24.

24a. Leaves smooth =Dog Violet, Viola conspersa.=

24b. Leaves pubescent =Sand Violet, Viola arenaria.=

CACTACEAE, the Cactus Family

Fleshy, jointed leafless plants, armed with numerous thorns; flowers
large (5-10 cm. wide), yellow, with about 10 petals and numerous
stamens.

One species in Michigan, on the shores of Lake Michigan; flowers in
summer =Prickly Pear, Opuntia rafinesquii.=

THYMELAEACEAE, the Mezereum Family

Shrubs, with simple alternate entire leaves, and small yellowish flowers
in clusters, opening before the leaves; petals none, the sepals somewhat
petal-like.

One species in Michigan, 5-15 dm. tall, with very tough bark
=Leatherwood, Dirca palustris.=

ELAEAGNACEAE, the Oleaster Family

Shrubs, with opposite, silvery-pubescent, simple, entire leaves, and
small clusters of inconspicuous yellow flowers in spring.

One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high
=Buffalo Berry, Shepherdia canadensis.=

LYTHRACEAE, the Loosestrife Family

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate entire leaves; receptacle
cup-shape or tubular, bearing the 5-7 petals and sepals at its margin,
and the 6-12 stamens on its inner surface; ovary superior.

1a. Stem shrubby (aquatic, stems 1-3 m. long; flowers pink, summer)