ulx, Ernst von, estimation of, 405

Lassalle, Ferdinand, on collective thought, 585

Laurent, 590;
Doellinger's praise of, 417
_cited_ on Machiavelli's doctrines, followed by detractors, 226

Laval, Bishop of, opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522

Lavradeo, Count de, Portuguese ambassador to Vatican Council, 507

Lavaur, fate of Albigenses at, 556

Law, custom and national qualities, not will of government, makers of, 58
mediaeval opinions on, 258
in relation to the will of the people, Vergniaud on, 276

Laws (_see also_ Legal system), divine origin of, 22
of realm, Socratic view that they were only sure guide of conduct, 18
view of Ghibelline writers respecting, 37
view of Guelph writers respecting, 36

Lay representation on Vatican Council, plans for, 503-8

Lea, Henry Charles, _A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages_,
review, 551
characteristics of, 555, 559, _passim_;
as historical writer, 551

League, the, Charles IX.'s refusal to join, 129

League, Holy, attempts to bring France into, 113

Le Blanc de Beaulieu on political expediency, 225

Lecoy de la Marche, collection, 559

Lee, murder of, note on, 65

Legal system, English, pioneer work in reform of, of Jeremy Bentham, 3

'_Leges Barbarorum_,' principle of, in respect to the Church, 244

Legislation, liberty independent of domain of, 2

Legitimate ruler, defence of, first cause of popular risings, 1813., 284

Leibniz, Doellinger's gratitude to, 393
on _Il Principe_, 228
influence of, on Doellinger, 381

Leo I., Pope, and the suppression of heresy at any cost, 571

Leo X. (Medici), Pope, character of, 378
treatment of tyrant of Perugia, 214

Leo XIII., Pope, literary fruits of his liberality, 573-4

Leopold, 401

Lepanto, naval battle of, 104;
effect foiled by Charles IX., 105
victory of, less dear to the Pope than the Massacre of St.
Bartholomew, 134

Leti, _cited_, 140

Lewis XII., king of France, extermination of Vaudois of Provence by, 217

Lewis XIII., king of France, Doellinger's lenient estimate of, 410

Lewis XIV., king of France, death penalty by, indicted for disobedience
to his will, 48
Doellinger's lectures on, 433
ordinance against Protestants, 50
as political assassin, 410
records of reign of, 409
secret treaty between, and Charles II., 53
supreme among tyrants for bad use of his power, 49;
adulation bestowed on him sign of national subject