vice of the
Italian republic. Summoned by Napoleon in 1806 to promote a rising in
Poland, he organized several divisions of Poles, and distinguished
himself at Danzig and at Friedland. In 1809 he served in the Polish
campaign and in 1812 he commanded a Polish division in the _Grande
Armee_, being wounded at the passage of the Beresina. He fought under
Marmont at the battle of Leipzig (1813), and in the following year
returned to Poland. He was one of the generals entrusted by the tsar
with the reorganization of the Polish army, and was named in 1815
general of cavalry and senator palatine of the new kingdom of Poland. He
retired, however, in the following year, to his estates in Posen.
General Dombrowski died at his seat of Wina-Gora in Posen on the 26th of
June 1818. He wrote several military historical works in the Polish
language.

DOME (Lat _domus_, house; Ital. _duomo_, cathedral), an architectural
term, derived from a characteristic feature of Italian cathedrals,
correctly applied only to a spherical or spheroidal vault, the
horizontal plan of which is always a circle. It may be supported on a
circular wall, as in the Pantheon at Rome; or on a drum, as in the later
Byzantine churches and generally so in the Renaissance styles; or be
carried over a square or polygonal area, in which case the base of the
dome is connected to the lines of the main wall by pendentives,
squinches, corbels or a series of concentric arches, or two of these
combined. Its section may be semicircular, pointed, ovoid or segmental;
in the latter case it is usually termed a cupola, although the
pendentives which carry it continue, on the diagonal lines, the complete
spherical dome, as in the entrance vestibule on the south side of the
Sanctuary at Jerusalem, attributed to Herod, or in those crowning the
bays of the Golden Gateway by Justinian. The dome may be constructed in
horizontal courses, as in the "beehive" tombs at Mycenae, with joints
radiating to the centre, or a compromise between the two, in a series of
small segments of circles, as in the Temple of Jupiter in Diocletian's
palace at Spalato, or again with the lower portion in horizontal courses
and the upper portion with arches, as in the Pantheon at Rome.

The dome is probably one of the earliest forms of covering invented by
man, but owing probably to its construction in ephemeral materials, such
as the unburnt bricks in Chaldaea, there are no examples existing. But
in a b