nd in 1890 principal of the university of St Andrews, by the
Universities (Scotland) Act. His chief works are: _Modern Greek Grammar_
(1853); _Lyra Graeca_ (1854), specimens of Greek lyric poetry from
Callinus to Soutsos; _A Critical History of Christian Literature and
Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council_ (i.-iii.,
1864-1866; new ed. of i. as _The Apostolical Fathers_, 1874), a book
unique of its kind in England at the time of its appearance and one
which adds materially to the knowledge of Christian antiquities as
deduced from the apostolic fathers; _Lectures on the History of
Education in Prussia and England_ (1874); _The Westminster Confession of
Faith and the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England_ (1905);
_Woman, her position and influence in ancient Greece and Rome_ (1907).
He was knighted in 1907.

DONALDSON, JOHN WILLIAM (1811-1861), English philologist and biblical
critic, was born in London on the 7th of June 1811. He was educated at
University College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, of which
society he subsequently became fellow. In 1841 he was elected headmaster
of King Edward's school, Bury St Edmunds. In 1855 he resigned his post
and returned to Cambridge, where his time was divided between literary
work and private tuition. He died on the 10th of February 1861. He is
remembered as a pioneer of philology in England, and as a great scholar
in his day, though much of his work is now obsolete. The _New Cratylus_
(1839), the book on which his fame mainly rests, was an attempt to apply
to the Greek language the principles of comparative philology. It was
founded mainly on the comparative grammar of Bopp, but a large part of
it was original, Bopp's grammar not being completed till ten years after
the first edition of the _Cratylus_. In the _Varronianus_ (1844) the
same method was applied to Latin, Umbrian and Oscan. His _Jashar_
(1854), written in Latin as an appeal to the learned world, and
especially to German theologians, was an attempt to reconstitute the
lost biblical book of Jashar from the remains of old songs and
historical records, which, according to the author, are incorporated in
the existing text of the Old Testament. His bold views on the nature of
inspiration, and his free handling of the sacred text, aroused the anger
of the theologians. Of his numerous other works the most important are
_The Theatre of the Greeks; The History of the Literature of An