inst the
revival of the claims of Authority and Privilege by the Holy Alliance.
Boerne and Heine, Hartmann and Saphir, Jacoby and Karl Marx, are
recognized by friends and foes alike as among the leading influences
which led ultimately to the downfall of Metternich and his school.

_The Salons of Jewish Women and Their Liberalizing Influence_

THEY were aided in their Liberal tendencies by a remarkable group of
emancipated Jewesses, who introduced into Germany the vogue of the
political Salon after the manner of Madame Roland and Madame de Stael.
They were mostly from the Berlin Circle, which had arisen around Moses
Mendelssohn, and carried his tendencies towards rationalism and
culture to extreme limits. His two daughters Dorothea and Henriette,
and their friends Henriette Herz and Rahel Lewin, created salons to
which were attracted some of the more liberal spirits of the cultured
world of Berlin. Dorothea Mendelssohn ultimately married Friedrich von
Schlegel and became one of the Muses of the German Romantic School.
Publicists of distinction like Wilhelm von Humboldt and Friedrich von
Gentz formed, with Dorothea and others of her circle, a "Bond of
Virtue" (Tugendbund) which according to all appearance was named on
the principle of _locus a non lucendo_. Rahel, "the little woman with
a great soul," as Goethe called her, was even a more striking
personality. She numbered, among her friends, men of such different
types as Schelling and Schleiermacher, the Prince de Ligne, and
Fichte, Schlegel and Gutzkow, Prince Louis Ferdinand, Frederick the
Great's nephew, and Fouque, Gentz, and the Humboldts, and she finally
married Varnhagen van Ense. She was the first to appreciate, in its
full extent, the multiform genius of Goethe, and helped the rise to
fame of Boerne, Heine, and Victor Hugo. She was undoubtedly the most
striking personality among the women of her age in Germany, and she is
nowadays regarded as one of the chief forerunners of the Feminist
movement.[C]

These salons had an air of cultured Bohemianism, which attracted many
men of rank in Mid-Europe who were beginning to be repelled by the
exactions of social gathering in which all associations were
determined by armorial bearings. A similar salon was held in Vienna by
Baroness von Arnstein, in whose mansion all the diplomats of the
Congress of Vienna met as on neutral ground. Such gatherings, while
helping to liberalize good society in Mid-Europe, also brought