ave been gained through so much blood and tears, will
be preserved intact against the rising forces of the Reaction and
Counter-Revolution which are, at bottom, an attempt at a revival of
the Church-Empire. The slogan "One God, one king, one people," has
again been raised, and armies that are nations in arms are in movement
to the cry. Anti-Semitism is largely the result of this reaction, and
while it is dominant in the councils of certain nations Jews must once
more take up their role of martyrs to the wider truth. Nowadays
however they do not fight alone, and it is scarcely possible that in
Western Europe and in lands dominated by Western European ideals they
can be reinterned into their ghetti. But the Colossus of the North
still retains the medieval ideal of the Church-Empire, and while that
controls Russian State policy Jews will have to suffer, in All the
Russias, indignities and disabilities from which they have been freed
in the lands of true civilization and religious liberty.

The ideal of the unified Church-State has been shattered by the
assaults of modern criticism and the growth of true religious liberty.
But the conception of all the citizens of a compact territory animated
by the same ideals still retains its attraction; only the unification
nowadays is with regard to the goal rather than to the roads that lead
to it. In other words, the Welfare-State (interpreting Welfare as
spiritual as well as material) is taking the place of the Church-State
of the Middle Ages and of Reformation times. What then is to become of
the separate churches or religious bodies which are found in profusion
in modern States? That is the sole ecclesiastical problem which the
modern statesman has to face. Except among the extreme parties, such
as the Ultramontagnes, the obvious solution would seem to be that
given by the modern Federal constitution in which each State (in this
case Church) has a corporate life of its own over which it has
autonomous control, except in any case where this conflicts with the
general Federal ideals. The Jewish Synagogue may rightly claim its
place among these churches within the State as having its part in
promoting the general welfare.

_The Role of the Jews in European Progress_

OWING to their medieval disabilities Jews, though sharing as we have
seen in the higher life and in the commerce of Europe, were yet kept
in a kind of enclave in each of the European nations, and thus acted,
both in