enient to
work with the National Liberal party, to which all German Jews
belonged, and among whose leaders the most prominent were two Jews,
Eduard Lasker and Ludwig Bamberger. But in 1878 he broke with the
party and let loose the forces of "Anti-Semitism" as a means of
discrediting them. The movement, thus encouraged by Bismarck, soon
spread to Austria and was transformed in Russia into the pogroms of
1881. In France the Royalists and Jesuits conceived hopes of reviving
the Church-State and adopted anti-Semitism as a means of discrediting
not alone Jews but also Protestants and other opponents of
Catholicism. Their adherents, the French nobility, were especially
embittered against the Jews by the bankruptcy of the Union Generale, a
banking establishment in which all their money had been placed in the
hope of wresting the control of French finance from the hands of the
Rothschilds. Their chief hope lay in getting control of the General
Staff, by filling its posts with young men of noble birth, trained by
Jesuits. In order to attain this they schemed to remove all Jews and
Protestants from the Staff and thought they had found a rare chance in
their perverse persecution of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. Their scheme
recoiled on their own heads, and the final result of the Dreyfus
Affaire was to break the alliance of clericalism and militarism, at
least in France.

The Dreyfus Affaire was specially significant as bringing into play,
at one time, all the forces that have given vitality to anti-Semitism.
The New Nationalism, based not on Country but on Race and fostered by
chauvinistic anthropologists as well as historians; the revived
Church spirit, which sees in the National Church not so much the
guardian of Christian truth as a spiritual bond of national unity; the
New Collectivism which sees in capitalism the chief anti-social force,
and the revived militaristic spirit which glorifies war as the
regenerator of the nation; all these movements combine to regard the
Jew--considered as alien, infidel, capitalist, and pacificist--as the
representative enemy. All the reactionary forces regard a revival of
the medieval Church-State as both the means and the end of their
strivings, and naturally find the position of the Jew, both
theoretically and practically, one of the chief stumbling-blocks in
their way.

_Church-State versus Welfare-State_

IT remains to be seen whether the ideals of religious and political
liberty, which h