of day in each photograph. The difference in the
time in any two pictures gives the elapsed time of the desired
motion operation or time unit.

SELF-MADE RECORDS EDUCATIVE.--The educative value of the
worker's making his own records has never been sufficiently
appreciated. Dr. Taylor insists upon this procedure wherever
possible.[6] Not only does the worker learn from the actual marking
in of the spaces reserved for him, but also he learns to feel
himself a part of the record making division of the management. This
proof of the "square deal," in recording his output, and of the
confidence in him, cannot fail to enlist his cooeperation.

ORAL INSTRUCTION COMES FROM THE FUNCTIONAL FOREMEN.--The
Functional Foremen are teachers whose business it is to explain,
translate and supplement the various written instructions when the
worker either does not understand them, does not know how to follow
them, or makes a mistake in following them.

ORAL INSTRUCTION HAS ITS FITTING PLACE UNDER SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT.--Oral instruction under Scientific Management has at
least four advantages over such instruction under Traditional
Management.

1. The Instructor is capable of giving instruction.
2. The Instructor's specialty is giving instruction.
3. The instruction is a supplement to written instructions.
4. The instruction comes at the exact time that the learner
needs it.

TEACHER, OR FUNCTIONAL FOREMAN, SHOULD UNDERSTAND PSYCHOLOGY AND
PEDAGOGY.--The successful teacher must understand the minds of his
men, and must be able to present his information in such a way that
it will be grasped readily. Such knowledge of psychology and
pedagogy as he possesses he may acquire almost unconsciously

1. from the teaching of others,
2. from his study of Instruction Cards and Systems,
3. from actual practice in teaching.

The advantages of a study of psychology itself, as it applies to
the field of teaching in general, and of teaching in the industries
in particular, are apparent. Such study must, in the future, become
more and more prevalent.

ADVANTAGE OF FUNCTIONAL FOREMAN-TEACHER OVER TEACHER IN THE
SCHOOLS.--The Functional Foreman-teacher has an advantage over the
teacher in the school in that the gap between him and those he
teaches is not so great. He knows, because he remembers, exactly how
the worker must have his information presented to him. This gap is
narrowed by f