(1797), which still survives. Of the modern clubs in New York the Union
(1836) is the earliest, and other important ones are the Century (1847),
Union League (1863), University (1865), Knickerbocker (1871), Lotus
(1870), Manhattan (1865), and Metropolitan (1891). But club-life in
American cities has grown to enormous proportions; the number of
excellent clubs is now legion, and their hospitality has become
proverbial. The chief clubs in each city are referred to in the
topographical articles.

Walter Arnold, _Life and Death of the Sublime Society of Beefsteaks_
(1871); John Aubrey, _Letters of Eminent Persons_ (2 vols.); C. Marsh,
_Clubs of London, with Anecdotes of their Members, Sketches of
Character and Conversation_ (2 vols., 1832); _Notes and Queries_, 3rd
series, vols. 1, 9, 10; W. H. Pyne, _Wine and Walnuts_ (2 vols.,
1823); Admiral Smyth, _Sketch of the Use and Progress of the Royal
Society Club_ (1860); John Timbs, _Club Life of London, with Anecdotes
of Clubs, Coffee-Houses and Taverns_ (2 vols., 1866), and _History of
Clubs and Club Life_ (1872); Th. Walker, _The Original_, fifth
edition, by W. A. Guy (1875); _The Secret History of Clubs of all
Descriptions_ by Ned Ward (1709); _Complete and Humourous Account of
all the Remarkable Clubs and Societies in the Cities of London and
Westminster_, by Ned Ward (7th edition, 1756); _The London Clubs;
their Anecdotes, History, Private Rules and Regulations_ (12mo, 1853);
Rev. A. Hume, _Learned Societies and Printing Clubs_ (1847); J.
Strang, _Glasgow and its Clubs_ (1857); A. F. Leach, _Club Cases_
(1879); Col. G. J. Ivey, _Clubs of the World_ (1880); J. Wertheimer,
_Law relating to Clubs_ (1885); L. Fagan, _The Reform Club_ (1887); F.
G. Waugh, _Members of the Athenaeum Club_ (privately printed 1888).

CLUB-FOOT (_talipes_), the name given to deformities of the foot, some
of which are congenital, others acquired--the latter being chiefly due
to infantile paralysis. _Talipes equinus_ is that form in which the heel
does not touch the ground, the child resting on the toes. In _talipes
varus_ the foot is turned inwards and shortened, the inner edge of the
foot is raised, and the child walks on the outer edge. These two
conditions are often combined, the heel being drawn up and the foot
twisted inward; the name given to the twofold deformity is _talipes
equino-varus_. It is the most usual congenital form. In _talipes
calcaneus