land. Though the bonds with
Cluny seem to have been much relaxed if not wholly broken, the Cluniac
houses continued as a separate group up to the dissolution, never taking
part in the chapters of the English Benedictines. At the end there were
eight greater and nearly thirty lesser Cluniac houses: for list see
Table in F. A. Gasquet's _English Monastic Life_; and _Catholic
Dictionary_, art. "Cluny."

The history of Cluny up to the death of Peter the Venerable may be
extracted out of Mabillon's _Annales_ by means of the Index; the story
is told in Helyot, _Hist. des ordres religieux_ (1792), v. cc. 18, 19.
Abridged accounts, with references to the most recent literature, may
be found in Max Heimbucher, _Orden und Kongregationen_ (1896), i. S
20; Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopadie_ (ed. 3), art. "Cluni"
(Grutzmacher); and Wetzer und Welte, _Kirchenlexikon_ (ed. 2), art.
"Clugny" (Hefele). The best modern monograph is by E. Sackur, _Die
Cluniacenser_ (1891-1894). In English a good account is given in
Maitland, _Dark Ages_, SS xviii.-xxvi.; the Introduction to G. F.
Duckett's _Charters and Records of Cluni_ (1890) contains, besides
general information, a description of the church and the buildings,
and a list of the chief Cluniac houses in all countries. The story of
the English houses is briefly sketched in the second chapter of F. A.
Gasquet's _Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries_ (the larger ed.,
1886). (E. C. B.)

CLUSERET, GUSTAVE PAUL (1823-1900), French soldier and politician, was
born at Paris. He was an officer in the _garde mobile_ during the
revolution of 1848. He took part in several expeditions in Algeria,
joined Garibaldi's volunteers in 1860, and in 1861 resigned his
commission to take part in the Civil War in America. He served under
Fremont and McClellan, and rose to the rank of general. Then, joining a
band of Irish adventurers, he went secretly to Ireland, and participated
in the Fenian insurrection (1866-67). He escaped arrest on the collapse
of the movement, but was condemned to death in his absence. On his
return to France he proclaimed himself a Socialist, opposed militarism,
and became a member of the _Association Internationale des
travailleurs_, a cosmopolitan Socialist organization, known as the
"_Internationale_." On the proclamation of the Third Republic in 1871 he
set to work to organize the social revolution, first at Lyons and
afterwards at Marseil