les. His energy, his oratorical gifts, and his
military experience gave him great influence among the working classes.
On the news of the communist rising of the 18th of March 1871 he
hastened to Paris, and on the 16th of April was elected a member of the
commune. Disagreements with the other communist leaders led to his
arrest on the 1st of May, on a false charge of betraying the cause. On
the 24th of the same month the occupation of Paris by the Versailles
troops restored him to liberty, and he succeeded in escaping from
France. He did not return to the country till 1884. In 1888 and 1889 he
was returned as a deputy to the chamber by Toulon. He died in 1900.
Cluseret published his _Memoires_ (of the Commune) at Paris in
1887-1888.

CLUSIUM (mod. _Chiusi_, q.v.), an ancient town of Italy, one of the
twelve cities of Etruria, situated on an isolated hill at the S. end of
the valley of the Clanis (China). It was according to Roman tradition
one of the oldest cities of Etruria and indeed of all Italy, and, if
Camars (the original name of the town, according to Livy) is rightly
connected with the Camertes Umbri, its foundation would go back to
pre-Etruscan times. It first appears in Roman history at the end of the
7th century B.C., when it joined the other Etruscan towns against
Tarquinius Priscus, and at the end of the 6th century B.C. it placed
itself, under its king Lars Porsena, at the head of the attempt to
re-establish the Tarquins in Rome. At the time of the invasion of the
Gauls in 391 B.C., on the other hand, Clusium was on friendly terms with
Rome; indeed, it was the action of the Roman envoys who had come to
intercede for the people of Clusium with the Gauls, and then, contrary
to international law, took part in the battle which followed, which
determined the Gauls to march on Rome. Near Clusium too, according to
Livy (according to Polybius ii. 19. 5, [Greek: en te Kamertion chora],
i.e. in Umbria near Camerinum), a battle occurred in 296 B.C. between
the Gauls and Samnites combined, and the Romans; a little later the
united forces of Clusium and Perusia were defeated by the Romans. The
precise period at which Clusium came under Roman supremacy is, however,
uncertain, though this must have happened before 225 B.C., when the
Gauls advanced as far as Clusium. In 205 B.C. in the Second Punic War we
hear that they promised ship timber and corn to Scipio. The Via Cassia,
constructed after 187 B.C., passed just