ful purpose, but does not
apply to such infringement by private citizens. For this reason an
indictment under the Enforcement Act of 1870,[1] charging a conspiracy
to prevent Negroes from bearing arms for lawful purposes was held
defective.[2] A State statute which forbids bodies of men to associate
together as military organizations, or to drill or parade with arms in
cities and towns unless authorized by law, does not abridge the right of
the people to keep and bear arms.[3] In the absence of evidence tending
to show that possession or use of a shotgun having a barrel of less than
18 inches in length has some reasonable relationship to the preservation
or efficiency of a well regulated militia, the Court refused to hold
invalid a provision in the National Firearms Act[4] against the
transportation of unregistered shotguns in interstate commerce.[5]

Notes

[1] 16 Stat. 140 (1870).

[2] United States _v._ Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 553 (1876).

[3] Presser _v._ Illinois, 116 U.S. 252, 265 (1886).

[4] 48 Stat. 1236 (1934).

[5] United States _v._ Miller, 307 U.S. 174 (1939).

AMENDMENT 3

QUARTERING SOLDIERS

Amendment 3

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.

"This amendment seems to have been thought necessary. It does not appear
to have been the subject of judicial exposition; and it is so thoroughly
in accord with all our ideas, that further comment is unnecessary."[1]

Notes

[1] Miller, Samuel F., The Constitution (1893), page 646.

AMENDMENT 4

SEARCHES AND SEIZURES

Page
Coverage of the amendment 823
Necessity, sufficiency and effect of warrants 825
Records, reports and subpoenas 825
Search and seizure incidental to arrest 828
Search of vehicles 830
Use of evidence 830

SEARCHES AND SEIZURES

Amendment 4

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the pla