to depend on others for food and clothing, and in payment for the
same would furnish them implements. As localities where flint could
be obtained in suitable quantities are but few, we can see how trade
between widely scattered tribes would arise. This kind of traffic is
shown to have extended over wide distances in Neolithic times. For
instance, there was been found scattered over Europe axes made of
varieties of stone known as nephrite and jade. They were highly valued
by primitive tribes, being very hard and of a beautiful green
color. They are thought to have been employed in the observance of
superstitious rites. But quarries of these varieties of stone do not
occur in Europe. An immense amount of labor has been expended in finding
their native home. This is now known to be in Asia.<29> Manufactured in
Asia, axes of these materials may have drifted into Europe and finally
arrived in England.

Illustration of Neolithic Boat-making.--------

Trade between different tribes must have been greatly facilitated by
means of canoes, which Neolithic man knew well how to make. The art of
navigation was probably well advanced. The canoes were formed of the
trunks of large trees. In most cases they were hollowed out by means of
the ax and fire combined. Sometimes the ends were partially rounded or
pointed, but often cut nearly square across--rather a difficult shape to
propel fast or to guide properly. These ancient boats have been found in
nearly all the principal rivers of Europe, and in many cases, no doubt,
come down to much later date than the Neolithic Age. From the remains
of fish found in their refuse heaps we are confident that in some such a
shaped boat as this they trusted themselves far out at sea. They served
to transport them from the shores of Europe to England, and at a later
date to Ireland.

Illustration of Neolithic Cloth.----------

The clothing of the men of the Neolithic Age doubtless consisted largely
of the prepared skins of the animals, and some fragments of leather have
been found in the lake settlements. But a very important step in advance
was the invention of spinning and weaving, both of which processes were
known at this time. The cloth which is here represented is formed of
twists of interwoven flax, of rough workmanship, it is true, but none
the less remarkable, considering the epoch in which it was manufactured.
Balls of thread and twine have also been found.<30> This cut is a
spind