r Torquay, was discovered, and Rev. J. McEnry
made partial explorations in it. He discovered flint implements and
perceived they might be a proof of the presence of man with these
extinct animals. Dr. Buckland had not found these relics, or else had
passed them by as of no importance, for he refused to entertain the
theory that man and the extinct animals had been contemporaneous.
Explorations made in France in 1827-8 had furnished such strong evidence
on this point that it was deemed established by some scholars, but being
opposed to the prevailing belief, nothing came of it.

Illustration of Gailenreuth.---------

In 1829 Schmerling commenced his investigations in the caves of
the valley of the Meuse. For years he continued his work under many
difficulties. Sir Charles Lyell tells us he was let down day after day
to the opening of the Engis Cave by a rope tied to a tree. Arriving
there he crawled on all fours through a narrow passage way to the
enlarged chamber, where, standing in mud and water, he superintended the
investigations. He examined over forty of those caves, and published his
results in 1833. He clearly showed that man must have been living along
with various animals now extinct in Belgium. But, as before remarked, it
was deemed sufficient answer to this careful explorer to point out that
his results were opposed to the accepted chronology, and so they
were passed by. When the time at last came, and their true worth was
recognized, Schmerling himself had passed away.

We have already seen what great results followed the exploration of
DePerthes in the river gravels. When it had been clearly established
that man and extinct animals hid coexisted in Europe, the results of
cave explorations were eagerly recalled, and governments vied with royal
societies and private individuals in continuing the researches. The
results are that a rich store of facts has been gathered from those
gloomy resorts, illustrative of the later stages of Paleolithic art.

A word as to the formation of caves, grottoes, caverns, and rock
shelters. These vary greatly in size, some being so small as to furnish
protection to but few individuals; others, especially caves, so large
that whole tribes might have found a place of resort within their
chambers. They are found in all limestone countries. The formation of
caves is now recognized as due to natural causes acting slowly through
many years. Limestone rock is very hard and durabl