on-works, near Clackmannan. Coal has been mined for a long period. The
strata which compose the field are varieties of sandstone, shale,
fire-clay and argillaceous ironstone. There is a heavy continuous output
of coal at the mines at Sauchie, Fishcross, Coalsnaughton, Devonside,
Clackmannan and other pits. The spinning-mills at Alloa, Tillicoultry
and Alva are always busy, Alloa yarns and fingering being widely famous.
The distilleries at Glenochil and Carsebridge and the breweries in Alloa
and Cambus do a large export business. The minor trades include
glass-blowing, pottery, coopering, tanning, iron-founding, electrical
apparatus making, ship-building and paper-making.

The north British railway serves the whole county, while the Caledonian
has access to Alloa.

_Population and Government._--The population was 33,140 in 1891 and
32,029 in 1901, when 170 persons spoke Gaelic and English and one person
Gaelic only. The county unites with Kinross-shire in returning one
member to parliament. Clackmannan (pop. 1505) is the county town, but
Alloa (14,458), Alva (4624), and Tillicoultry (3338) take precedence in
population and trade. Menstrie (pop. 898) near Alloa has a large
furniture factory and the great distillery of Glenochil. To the
north-east of Alloa is the thriving mining village of Sauchie.
Clackmannan forms a sheriffdom with Stirling and Dumbarton shires, and a
sheriff-substitute sits at Alloa. Most of the schools in the shire are
under school-board control, but there are a few voluntary schools,
besides an exceptionally well-equipped technical school in Alloa and a
well-known academy at Dollar.

See James Wallace, _The Sheriffdom of Clackmannan: a Sketch of its
History_ (Edinburgh, 1890); D. Beveridge, _Between the Ochils and the
Forth_ (Edinburgh, 1888); John Crawford, _Memorials of Alloa_ (1885);
William Gibson, _Reminiscences of Dollar, Tillicoultry_,

CLACTON-ON-SEA, a watering-place in the Harwich parliamentary division
of Essex, England; 71 m. E.N.E. from London by a branch from Colchester
of the Great Eastern railway; served also by steamers from London in the
summer months. Pop. of urban district (1901) 7456. Clay cliffs of slight
altitude rise from the sandy beach and face south-eastward. In the
neighbourhood, however, marshes fringe the shore. The church of Great
Clacton, at the village 11/2 m. inland, is Norman and later, and of
considerable interest. Clacton is provided with a pier, p