work, and he determined to pass the winter of 1866-1867
in Naples. The change of climate produced some amelioration, and his
energy was attested by two elaborate volumes on the Annelidae of the
gulf. He again visited Naples with advantage in 1868; but in 1870,
instead of recovering as before, he grew worse, and on the 31st of May
he died at Siena on his way home. His _Recherches sur la structure des
annelides sedentaires_ were published posthumously in 1873.

CLAPPERTON, HUGH (1788-1827), Scottish traveller in West-Central Africa,
was born in 1788 at Annan, Dumfriesshire, where his father was a
surgeon. He gained some knowledge of practical mathematics and
navigation, and at thirteen was apprenticed on board a vessel which
traded between Liverpool and North America. After having made several
voyages across the Atlantic he was impressed for the navy, in which he
soon rose to the rank of midshipman. During the Napoleonic wars he saw a
good deal of active service, and at the storming of Port Louis,
Mauritius, in November 1810, he was first in the breach and hauled down
the French flag. In 1814 he went to Canada, was promoted to the rank of
lieutenant, and to the command of a schooner on the Canadian lakes. In
1817, when the flotilla on the lakes was dismantled, he returned home on
half-pay.

In 1820 Clapperton removed to Edinburgh, where he made the acquaintance
of Walter Oudney, M.D., who aroused in him an interest in African
travel. Lieut. G.F. Lyon, R.N., having returned from an unsuccessful
attempt to reach Bornu from Tripoli, the British government determined
on a second expedition to that country. Dr Oudney was appointed by Lord
Bathurst, then colonial secretary, to proceed to Bornu as consul with
the object of promoting trade, and Clapperton and Major Dixon Denham
(q.v.) were added to the party. From Tripoli, early in 1822, they set
out southward to Murzuk, and from this point Clapperton and Oudney
visited the Ghat oasis. Kuka, the capital of Bornu, was reached in
February 1823, and Lake Chad seen for the first time by Europeans. At
Bornu the travellers were well received by the sultan; and after
remaining in the country till the 14th of December they again set out
for the purpose of exploring the course of the Niger. At Murmur, on the
road to Kano, Oudney died (January 1824). Clapperton continued his
journey alone through Kano to Sokoto, the capital of the Fula empire,
where by order of Sultan Bello he was