Secretary of Great Britain, contended that
it was implied or understood. This interpretation of the agreement
President Kruger of the South African or Boer Republic absolutely
rejected.

The discovery of diamond fields in Cape Colony (1867) and of the
richest gold mines in the world (1884) in the Transvaal stimulated a
great emigration of English to South Africa. In a few years the
"Outlanders"--as the Boers called all foreigners--outnumbered the
Boers themselves. The "Outlanders," who worked the gold mines and
paid nearly all the taxes, complained that the laws made by the Boers
were unjust and oppressive. They demanded the right to vote. The
Boers, on the other hand, refused to give them that right, except
under arduous restrictions, lest the foreigners should get the upper
hand in the Transvaal Republic, and then manage it to suit themselves.

Things went on from bad to worse. At length (1895) a prominent
Englishman of Cape Colony, Dr. Jameson, armed a small body of
"Outlanders," who undertook to get by force what they could not get by
persuasion. The Boers captured the Revolutionists and compelled some
of the leaders to pay, in all, about a million dollars in fines.
Dr. Jameson was sent to England and imprisoned for a short time. A
committee appointed by Parliament investigated the invasion of the
Transvaal and charged Cecil J. Rhodes, then Prime Minister of Cape
Colony, with having helped on the raid. From this time the feeling of
hatred between the Boers and the "Outlanders" grew more and more
intense. Lord Salisbury, the Conservative Prime Minister, believed,
with his party, that the time had come for decisive action on the part
of the Government. The fires so long smoldered now burst into flame,
and England resolved to fight to maintain her authority in the
Transvaal.

War began in the autumn of 1899, and the Orange Free State united with
the Transvaal against Great Britain. (See map facing p. 428.) The
Boers took up arms for independence. The English forces under Lord
Roberts began fighting, first in behalf of the "Outlanders," next to
keep the British Empire together, and, finally, "to extend English
law, liberty, and civilization."

Mr. Chamberlain, who was in Lord Salisbury's Cabinet (S534), agreed
with his chief that the sword must settle the question, but he said
that the contest in South Africa would be "a long war, a bitter war,
and a costly war." Events proved the truth of part of his