onditionalibus or Entail (Westminster II) (1285):
see S225.
[2] During the same period the Statute of Winchester (1285)
reorganized the national militia and the police system (S224).

12. Edward I's "Model Parliament"; Confirmation of the Charters.

In 1295 Edwrad I, one of the ablest men that ever sat on the English
throne, adopted De Montfort's scheme of representation. The King was
greatly pressed for money, and his object was to get the help of the
towns, and thus secure a system of taxation which should include all
classes. With the significant words, "That which toucheth all should
be approved by all," he summoned to Winchester the first really
complete or "Model Parliament" (S217),[4] consisting of King, Lords
(temporal and spiritual), and Commons.[5] The form Parliament then
received it has kept substantially ever since. We shall see how from
this time the Commons gradually grew in influence,--though with
periods of relapse,--until at length they have become the controlling
power in legislation.

[4] De Montfort's Parliament was not wholly lawful and regular,
because not voluntarily summoned by the King himself. Parliament must
be summoned by the sovereign, opened by the sovereign (in person or by
commission); all laws require the sovereign's signature to complete
them; and, finally, Parliament can be suspended or dissolved by the
sovereign only.
[5] The lower clergy were summoned to send representatives to the
Commons; but they came very irregularly, and in the fourteenth
centrury ceased coming altogether. From that time they voted their
supplies for the Crown in Convocation, until 1663, when Convocation
ceased to meet. The higher clergy--bishops and abbots--met with the
House of Lords.

Two years after the meeting of the "Model Parliament," in order to get
money to carry on a war with France, Edward levied a tax on the
barons, and seized a large quantity of wool belonging to the
merchants. So determined was the resistance to these acts that civil
war was threatened. In order to avert it, the King was obliged to
summon a Parliament, 1297, and to sign a confirmation of all previous
charters of liberties, including the Great Charter (S202). He
furthermore bound himself in the most solemn manner not to tax his
subjects or seize their goods without their consent. Henceforth
Parliament alone was considered to hold control of the nation's purse;
and although this principle was afterwards evade