s whiskey or brandy, but with care that they
do not run into the trachea, or windpipe. If he be unable to swallow,
they may be administered as injections, but should gradually be
discontinued as reaction takes place. A warm pillow placed at the back
and the use of electricity may be beneficial.

HEMORRHAGE, or bleeding, may generally be controlled by a _compress,
tourniquet, flexion of the joint_, or _styptics._ A _compress_ consists
of several folds of cloth laid upon a wound, the edges of which have
been brought together, and made secure by a moderately tight bandage.

[Illustration: Fig. 3.
Mode of employing flexion for the arrest of hemorrhage from a wound
below the knee.]

_A tourniquet_ may be extemporized by rolling a handkerchief into a cord
and tying it around the limb, over a compress, between the wound and the
heart. A stick should then be thrust between the handkerchief and skin
and twisted around several times, until the pressure is sufficiently
great to arrest the circulation of the blood in the wounded part. A
representation of this operation may be seen in Fig. 1.

[Illustration:
Mode of employing flexion for the arrest of hemorrhage from a wound
located between the thigh and knee.]

_Flexion of the joint_, as represented in Figs. 2, 3, and 4, is adapted
to many cases of hemorrhage. As water cannot flow through a rubber tube
bent at a sharp angle, so the acute flexion of a limb prevents the free
flow of blood through the arterial tubes.

In some cases, _styptics_ may be directly applied to the wounded
tissues. Cold acts as a powerful styptic, and may generally be made
available for arresting hemorrhage.

POISONED WOUNDS. The treatment of these should chiefly consist in the
prevention of the spread of the poison. This may be done by tightly
applying bandages above the wound and scarifying or sucking the parts.
Nitrate of silver may then be used and the ligatures removed. Alcohol,
in any form, is an antidote to snake poison. For the stings of insects,
apply aqua ammonia, fresh earth, raw onion, plantain, or spirits of
turpentine.

FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS.

The treatment of injuries received from the fracture of bones and the
dislocation of joints should never be attempted by the inexperienced,
nor should the management be left to incompetent physicians but
_skillful_ surgical aid should at once be summoned.

SPRAINS.

A sprain consists of a sudden and forcible stretching of the li