r paid and more effective labour of
England or America. So also a comparison between Mulhausen and the
factories of the Vosges valleys shows that the more highly-paid labour
of the former is the more productive.

In Russia the better-paid labour in the factories near Petersburg and
in Esthland can outcompete the lower paid labour of the central
governments of Vladimir and Moscow.

Schulze-Gaevernitz goes so far as to maintain that under existing
conditions of low wages and long hours, the Indian factories cannot
undersell their Lancashire competitors, and maintains that the
stringent factory laws which are demanded for India are likely to
injure Lancashire,[230] instead of giving her an advantage. The most
vital points of the subject are thus summarised, after an elaborate
comparison of the cotton-spinning of England and of those parts of
Germany which use English machinery:--

"In England the worker tends nearly twice as much machinery as
in Germany; the machines work more quickly; the loss as
compared with the theoretic output (_i.e._, waste of time and
material) is smaller. Finally, there comes the consideration
that in England the taking-off and putting-on from the
spindles occupies a shorter time; there is less breaking of
threads, and the piecing of broken threads requires less time.
The result is that the cost of labour per pound of
yarn--especially when the work of supervision is taken into
account--is decidedly smaller in England than in Germany. So
the wages of the English spinners are nearly twice as high as
in Germany, while the working day occupies a little over 9
hours as compared with 11 to 11-1/2 in Germany." (P. 136.)

Sec. 4. From the evidence adduced by Schulze-Gaevernitz, modern
industrial progress is expressed, so far as its effects on labour are
concerned, in seven results: (_a_) Shorter hours of labour. (_b_)
Higher weekly wage. (_c_) Lower piece-wage. (_d_) Cheaper product.
(_e_) Increased product per worker. (_f_) Increased speed of
machinery. (_g_) Increased number and size of machines to the worker.

All these factors must be taken into consideration before a full
judgment of the net results of machinery upon the worker can be
formed. The evidence above recorded, conclusive as it is regarding the
existence of some causal connection between a high standard of living
and high productivity of labour, does not necessarily justify the
concl