nd Madison Avenue and 72d Street, there
are no local platforms outside of the tracks, local and through
traffic using the island platforms.

The island platforms at Brooklyn Bridge, 14th Street, and 42d Street
and Madison Avenue are reached by mezzanine footways from the local
platforms, it having been impossible to place entrances in the streets
immediately over the platforms. At 96th Street there is an underground
passage connecting the local and island platforms, and at 72d Street
there are entrances to the island platforms directly from the street
because there is a park area in the middle of the street. Local
passengers can transfer from express trains and express passengers
from local trains without payment of additional fare by stepping
across the island platforms.

At 72d Street, at 103d Street, and at 116th Street and Broadway the
station platforms are below the surface, but the ticket booths and
toilet rooms are on the surface; this arrangement being possible also
because of the park area available in the streets. At Manhattan Street
the platforms are on the viaduct, but the ticket booths and toilet
rooms are on the surface. The viaduct at this point is about 68 feet
above the surface, and escalators are provided. At many of the
stations entrances have been arranged from the adjacent buildings, in
addition to the entrances originally planned from the street.

[Sidenote: Kiosks]

The entrances to the underground stations are enclosed at the street
by kiosks of cast iron and wire glass (photograph on page 33), and
vary in number from two to eight at a station. The stairways are of
concrete, reinforced by twisted steel rods. At 168th Street, at 181st
Street, and at Mott Avenue, where the platforms are from 90 to 100
feet below the surface, elevators are provided.

[Illustration: WEST SIDE OF 23D STREET STATION]

At twenty of the underground stations it has been possible to use
vault lights to such an extent that very little artificial light is
needed. (Photograph on page 35.) Such artificial light as is
required is supplied by incandescent lamps sunk in the ceilings.
Provision has been made for using the track circuit for lighting in
emergency if the regular lighting circuit should temporarily fail.

[Illustration: KIOSKS AT COLUMBUS CIRCLE]

The station floors are of concrete, marked off in squares. At the
junction of the floors and side walls a cement sanitary cove is
placed. The floors drain to catch