found chiefly in the Coteau des Prairies west of Big Stone Lake, Dakota.
The quarries were formerly neutral ground among the warring Indian
tribes, many sacred traditions being associated with the locality and
its product (Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, i.). The pipe stem was of reed
decorated with eagles' quills or women's hair. Native tobacco mixed with
willow-bark or sumac leaves was smoked. The pipe was offered as a
supreme proof of hospitality to distinguished strangers, and its refusal
was regarded as a grievous affront. In the east and south-east, the bowl
was of white stone, sometimes pierced with several stem holes so that
many persons might smoke at once.

See Joseph D. Macguire (exhaustive report,640 pages), "Pipes and
Smoking Customs of the American Aborigines" in _Smithsonian Report_
(American Bureau of Ethnology) for 1897, vol. i.; and authorities
quoted in _Handbook of American Indians_ (Washington, 1907).

CALUMPIT, a town of the province of Bulacan, Luzon, Philippine Islands,
at the junction of the Quingua river with the Rio Grande de la Pampanga,
about 25 m. N.W. of Manila. Pop. (1903) 13,897. It is served by the
Manila & Dagupan railway, and the bridge across the Rio Grande is one of
the longest in the Philippines. The surrounding country is a fertile
plain, producing large quantities of rice, as well as sugar, Indian corn
and a variety of fruits. Calumpit has a large rice-mill and one of the
largest markets in the Philippines. The bridge, convent and church of
the town were fired and completely destroyed by insurgent troops in
1899. The language is Tagalog.

CALVADOS, a department of north-western France, formed in 1790 out of
Bessin, Cinglais, Hiemois, Bocage, the Campagne de Caen, Auge and the
western part of Lieuvin. Pop. (1906) 403,431. Area, 2197 sq. m. It
received its name from a ledge of rocks, stretching along the coast for
a distance of about 15 m. between the mouths of the rivers Orne and
Vire. It is bounded N. by the English Channel, E. by the department of
Eure, S. by that of Orne, W. by that of Manche. The Bocage, or
south-western part of the department, is elevated, being crossed from
south-east to north-west by the hills of Normandy, the highest of which
is 1197 ft.; the rest of the surface is gently undulating, and consists
of extensive valleys watered by numerous streams which fall into the
English Channel. The coast, formed by cliffs, sandy beaches or reefs, is
gen