enry the Navigator, he sent out Cam
(about midsummer (?) 1482) to open up the African coast still further
beyond the equator. The mouth of the Congo was now discovered (perhaps
in August 1482), and marked by a stone pillar (still existing, but only
in fragments) erected on Shark Point; the great river was also ascended
for a short distance, and intercourse was opened with the natives. Cam
then coasted down along the present Angola (Portuguese West Africa), and
erected a second pillar, probably marking the termination of this
voyage, at Cape Santa Maria (the Monte Negro of these first visitors) in
13 deg. 26' S. He certainly returned to Lisbon by the beginning of April
1484, when John II. ennobled him, made him a _cavalleiro_ of his
household (he was already an _escudeiro_ or esquire in the same), and
granted him an annuity and a coat of arms (8th and 14th of April 1484).
That Cam, on his second voyage of 1483-1486, was accompanied by Martin
Behaim (as alleged on the latter's Nuremberg globe of 1492) is very
doubtful; but we know that the explorer revisited the Congo and erected
two more pillars beyond the furthest of his previous voyage, the first
at another "Monte Negro" in 15 deg. 41' S., the second at Cape Cross in
21 deg. 50', this last probably marking the end of his progress
southward. According to one authority (a legend on the 1489 map of
Henricus Martellus Germanus), Cam died off Cape Cross; but Joao de
Barros and others make him return to the Congo, and take thence a
native envoy to Portugal. The four pillars set up by Cam on his two
voyages have all been discovered _in situ_, and the inscriptions on two
of them from Cape Santa Maria and Cape Cross, dated 1482 and 1485
respectively, are still to be read and have been printed; the Cape Cross
padrao is now at Kiel (replaced on the spot by a granite facsimile);
those from the Congo estuary and the more southerly Monte Negro are in
the Museum of the Lisbon Geographical Society.

See Barros, _Decadas da Asia_, Decade i. bk. iii., esp. ch. 3; Ruy de
Pina, _Chronica d' el Rei D. Joao II._; Garcia de Resende, _Chronica_;
Luciano Cordeiro, "Diogo Cao" in _Boletim_ of the _Lisbon Geog.
Soc._, 1892; E.G. Ravenstein, "Voyages of Diogo Cao," &c., in _Geog.
Jnl._ vol. xvi. (1900); also _Geog. Jnl._ xxxi. (1908). (C. R. B.)

CAMACHO, JUAN FRANCISCO (1824-1896), Spanish statesman and financier,
was born in Cadiz in 1824. The first part of his life was devo