ted to
mercantile and financial pursuits at Cadiz and then in Madrid, where he
managed the affairs of and liquidated a mercantile and industrial
society to the satisfaction and profit of the shareholders. In 1837 he
became a captain in the national militia, in 1852 Conservative deputy in
the Cortes for Alcoy, in 1853 secretary of congress, and was afterwards
elected ten times deputy, twice senator and life senator in 1877.
Camacho took a prominent part in all financial debates and committees,
was offered a seat in the Mon cabinet of 1864, and was appointed
under-secretary of state finances in 1866 under Canovas and O'Donnell.
After the revolution of 1868 he declined the post of minister of finance
offered by Marshal Serrano, but served in that capacity in 1872 and 1874
in Sagasta's cabinets. When the restoration took place, Camacho sat in
the Cortes among the dynastic Liberals with Sagasta as leader, and
became finance minister in 1881 at a critical moment when Spain had to
convert, reduce, and consolidate her treasury and other debts with a
view to resuming payment of coupons. Camacho drew up an excellent budget
and collected taxation with a decidedly unpopular vigour. A few years
later Sagasta again made him finance minister under the regency of Queen
Christina, but had to sacrifice him when public opinion very clearly
pronounced against his too radical financial reforms and his severity in
collection of taxes. He was for the same reasons unsuccessful as a
governor of the Tobacco Monopoly Company. He then seceded from the
Liberals, and during the last years of his life he affected to vote with
the Conservatives, who made him governor of the Bank of Spain. He died
in Madrid on the 23rd of January 1896. (A. E. H.)

CAMALDULIANS, or CAMALDOLESE, a religious order founded by St Romuald.
Born of a noble family at Ravenna _c._ 950, he retired at the age of
twenty to the Benedictine monastery of S. Apollinare in Classe; but
being strongly drawn to the eremitical life, he went to live with a
hermit in the neighbourhood of Venice and then again near Ravenna. Here
a colony of hermits grew up around him and he became the superior. As
soon as they were established in their manner of life, Romuald moved to
another district and there formed a second settlement of hermits, only
to proceed in the same way to the establishment of other colonies of
hermits or "deserts" as they were called. In this way during the course
of his