ated 1999 ft. above sea-level, 36 m. S.W. of Catania direct
(55 m. by rail). Pop. (1881) 25,978; (1901) town 35,116; commune 45,956.
It is well built, and is said to be the most civilized provincial town
in Sicily. Extensive Sicel cemeteries have been explored to the north of
the town (_Not. Scavi_, 1904, 65), and a Greek necropolis of the 6th and
5th centuries B.C. has been found to the south-east (_ibid._ 132).
Remains of buildings of Roman date have also been discovered; but the
name of the ancient city which stood here is unknown. The present name
is a corruption of the Saracen _Kalat-al-Girche_ (the castle of Girche,
the chieftain who fortified it).

CALTANISETTA, a town and episcopal see of Sicily, the capital of a
province of the same name, 60 m. S.E. of Palermo direct and 83 m. by
rail, situated 1930 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901) 43,303. The town is
of Saracenic origin, as its name _Kalat-al-Nisa_, the "Ladies' Castle,"
indicates, and some ruins of the old castle (called _Pietrarossa_) still
exist. Otherwise the town contains no buildings of artistic or
historical interest, but it commands striking views. It is the centre of
the Sicilian sulphur industry and the seat of a royal school of mines.
Two miles east is the interesting Norman abbey of S. Spirito.

CALTROP (from the Mid. Eng. _calketrappe_, probably derived from the
Lat. _calx_, a heel, and _trappa_, Late Lat. for a snare), an iron ball,
used as an obstacle against cavalry, with four spikes so arranged, that
however placed in or on the ground, one spike always points upwards. It
is also the botanical name for several species of thistles.

CALUIRE-ET-CUIRE, a town of eastern France, in the department of Rhone,
2-1/2 m. N. by E. of Lyons by rail. Pop. (1906) 9255. It has
manufactures of coarse earthenware and hard-ware, copper and bronze
foundries and nursery-gardens.

CALUMET (Norm. Fr. form of _chalumet_, from Lat. _calamus_, a reed), the
name given by the French in Canada to the "peace-pipe" of the American
Indians. This pipe occupied among the tribes a position of peculiar
symbolic significance, and was the object of profound veneration. It was
smoked on all ceremonial occasions, even on declarations of war, but its
special use was at the making of treaties of peace. It was usually about
2-1/2 ft. long, and in the west the bowl was made of red pipes tone
(catlinite), a fine-grained, easily-worked stone of a rich red colour