and blood
whereby Christ transfuses into us His life, even as if it penetrated
into our bones and marrow, He in the Supper attests and seals; and
that not by a vain or empty sign set before us but there He puts forth
the efficacy of His Spirit whereby He fulfils what He promises. In the
mystery of the Supper Christ is truly exhibited to us by the symbols
of bread and wine; and so His body and blood, in which He fulfilled
all obedience for the obtaining of righteousness for us, are
presented. There is no such presence of Christ in the Supper as that
He is affixed to the bread or included in it or in any way
circumscribed; but whatever can express the true and substantial
communication of the body and blood of the Lord, which is exhibited to
believers under the said symbols of the Supper, is to be received, and
that not as perceived by the imagination only or mental intelligence,
but as enjoyed for the aliment of the eternal life (bk. iv. ch. 15,
17).

The course of time has substantially modified many of these positions.
Even the churches which trace their descent from Calvin's work and
faith no longer hold in their entirety his views on the magistrate as
the preserver of church purity, the utter depravity of human nature,
the non-human character of the Bible, the dealing of God with man. But
his system had an immense value in the history of Christian thought.
It appealed to and evoked a high order of intelligence, and its
insistence on personal individual salvation has borne worthy fruit. So
also its insistence on the chief end of man "to know and do the will
of God" made for the strenuous morality that helped to build up the
modern world. Its effects are most clearly seen in Scotland, in
Puritan England and in the New England states, but its influence was
and is felt among peoples that have little desire or claim to be
called Calvinist.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The standard edition of Calvin's works is that
undertaken by the Strassburg scholars, J.W. Bauin, E. Cunitz, E.
Reuss, P. Lobstein, A. Erichson (59 vols., 1863-1900). The last of
these contains an elaborate bibliography which was also published
separately at Berlin in 1900. The bulk of the writings was published
in English by the Calvin Translation Society (48 vols., Edinburgh,
1843-1855); the _Institutes_ have often been translated. The early
lives by Beza and Collodon are given in the collecte