eeding that of England. Such has been and would continue to be the
effect of slavery in retarding the progress of Virginia, and such the
influence of freedom in the rapid advance of Pennsylvania. Indeed, with
the maintenance and perpetuity of the Union in all its integrity, the
destiny of Pennsylvania will surpass the most sanguine expectations.

The population of Virginia per square mile in 1790 was 12.19, and in
1860, 26.02; whilst that of Pennsylvania in 1790 was 9.44, and in 1860,
63.18. (Ib.) The absolute increase of the population of Virginia per
square mile, from 1790 to 1860, was 13.83, and from 1850 to 1860, 2.85;
whilst that of Pennsylvania from 1790 to 1860, was 53.74, and from 1850
to 1860, 12.93. (Ib.)

AREA.--The area of Virginia is 61,352 square miles, and of
Pennsylvania 46,000, the difference being 15,352 square miles, which is
greater by 758 square miles than the aggregate area of Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Delaware, containing in 1860 a population of
1,803,429. (Ib.) Retaining their respective ratios of increase per
square mile from 1790 to 1860, and reversing their areas, that of
Virginia in 1860 would have been 1,196,920, and of Pennsylvania
3,876,119. Reversing the numbers of each State in 1790, the ratio of
increase in each remaining the same, the population of Pennsylvania in
1860 would have been 5,408,424, and that of Virginia, 926,603. Reversing
both the areas and numbers in 1790, and the population of Pennsylvania
would have exceeded that of Virginia in 1860 more than six millions.

SHORE LINE.--By the Tables of the Coast Survey, the shore line
of Virginia is 1,571 miles, and of Pennsylvania only 60 miles. This
vastly superior coast line of Virginia, with better, deeper, more
capacious, and much more numerous harbors, unobstructed by ice, and with
easy access for so many hundred miles by navigable bays and tide-water
rivers leading so far into the interior, gives to Virginia great
advantages over Pennsylvania in commerce and every branch of industry.
Indeed, in this respect, Virginia stands unrivalled in the Union. The
hydraulic power of Virginia greatly exceeds that of Pennsylvania.

MINES.--Pennsylvania excels every other State in mineral
wealth, but Virginia comes next.

SOIL.--In natural fertility of soil, the two States are about
equal; but the seasons in Virginia are more favorable, both for crops
and stock, than in Pennsylvania. Virginia has all the agricultural
products of Pe