0,000,000 more in
Pennsylvania than in Virginia, and the passenger account would still
more increase the disparity.

CANALS.--The number of miles of canals in Pennsylvania in 1860
was 1,259, and their cost, $42,015,000. In Virginia the number of miles
was 178, and the cost, $7,817,000. (Census Table 39, p. 238.) The
estimated value of the freight on the Pennsylvania canals is ten times
that of the freight on the Virginia canals.

TONNAGE.--The tonnage of vessels built in Pennsylvania in 1860
was 21,615 tons, and in Virginia, 4,372. (Census, p. 197.)

BANKS.--The number of banks in Pennsylvania in 1860 was 90;
capital, $25,565,582; loans, $50,327,127; specie, $8,378,474;
circulation, $13,132,892; deposits, $26,167,143;--and in Virginia the
number was 65; capital, $16,005,156; loans, $24,975,792; specie,
$2,943,652; circulation, $9,812,197; deposits, $7,729,652. (Census Table
35, p. 193.)

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, ETC.--Our exports abroad from
Pennsylvania, for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1860, and foreign
imports, were of the value of $20,262,608. The clearances, same year,
from Pennsylvania, and entries were 336,848 tons. In Virginia the
exports the same year and foreign imports were of the value of
$7,184,273; clearances and entries, 178,143 tons. (Table 14, Register of
U. S. Treasury.) Revenue from customs, same year, in Pennsylvania,
$2,552,924, and in Virginia, $189,816; or more than twelve to one in
favor of Pennsylvania. (Tables U. S. Commissioner of Customs.) No returns
are given for the coastwise and internal trade of either State; but the
railway and canal transportation of both States shows a difference of
ten to one in favor of Pennsylvania. And yet, Virginia, as we have seen,
had much greater natural advantages than Pennsylvania for commerce,
foreign and internal, her shore line up to head of tide water being
1,571 miles, and Pennsylvania only 60 miles.

We have seen that, exclusive of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania
in 1860 were of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 _per capita_; and in
Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. But, if we add the earnings
of commerce, the products of Pennsylvania must have exceeded those of
Virginia much more than four to one, and have reached, _per capita_,
nearly three to one. What but slavery could have produced such amazing
results? Indeed, when we see the same effects in _all_ the Free States
as compared with _all_ the Slave States, and in _any_ of th