nnsylvania, with cotton in addition. The area, however, of
Virginia (39,265,280 acres) being greater by 9,825,280 acres than that
of Pennsylvania (29,440,000 acres), gives to Virginia vast advantages.

In her greater area, her far superior coast line, harbors, rivers, and
hydraulic power, her longer and better seasons for crops and stock, and
greater variety of products, Virginia has vast natural advantages, and
with nearly double the population of Pennsylvania in 1790. And yet,
where has slavery placed Virginia? Pennsylvania exceeds her now in
numbers 1,308,797, and increased in population from 1790 to 1860, in a
ratio more than five to one. Such is the terrible contrast between free
and slave institutions!

PROGRESS OF WEALTH.--By Census Tables (1860) 33 and 36, it
appears (omitting commerce) that the products of industry, as given,
viz., of agriculture, manufactures, mines, and fisheries, were that year
in Pennsylvania, of the value of $399,600,000, or $138 _per capita_; and
in Virginia, $120,000,000, or $75 _per capita_. This shows a total value
of product in Pennsylvania much more than three times that of Virginia,
and, _per capita_, nearly two to one. That is, the average value of the
product of the labor of each person in Pennsylvania is nearly double
that of each person, including slaves, in Virginia. Thus is proved the
vast superiority of free over slave labor, and the immense national loss
occasioned by the substitution of the latter for the former.

As to the rate of increase: the value of the products of Virginia in
1850 was $84,480,428 (Table 9), and in Pennsylvania, $229,567,131,
showing an increase in Virginia, from 1850 to 1860, of $35,519,572,
being 41 per cent.; and in Pennsylvania, $170,032,869, being 51 per
cent.; exhibiting a difference of 10 per cent. in favor of Pennsylvania.
By the Census Table of 1860, No. 35, p. 195, the true value then of the
real and personal property was, in Pennsylvania, $1,416,501,818, and of
Virginia, $793,249,681. Now, we have seen, the value of the products in
Pennsylvania in 1860 was $399,600,000, and in Virginia, $120,000,000.
Thus, as a question of the annual yield of capital, that of Pennsylvania
was 29 per cent., and of Virginia, 15 per cent. By Census Table 35, the
total value of the real and personal property of Pennsylvania was
$722,486,120 in 1850, and $1,416,501,818 in 1860, showing an increase,
in that decade, of $694,015,698, being 96.05 per cent.; and in V